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  • October 2009 (Revised November 2009)
  • Case

Acciona and the Battle for Control of Endesa

Acciona, S.A. is a global infrastructure and renewable energy conglomerate that is publicly traded in Spain and controlled by the Entrecanales family. In 2006, the company joined the highly politicized cross-border takeover battle for Spain's largest electric utility,... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Renewable Energy; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Ownership Stake; Business and Government Relations; Business Strategy; Energy Industry; Utilities Industry; Spain
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Villalonga, Belen, and Rachelle Silverberg. "Acciona and the Battle for Control of Endesa." Harvard Business School Case 210-029, October 2009. (Revised November 2009.)
  • March 2009 (Revised September 2010)
  • Case

HOYA Corporation (A)

By: W. Carl Kester and Masako Egawa
In 2007, HOYA of Japan must decide whether to change its friendly exchange offer for Pentax into a hostile cash tender offer. A surprising sequence of events had caused a friendly merger agreement to fall apart, resulting in a boardroom coup at Pentax and the... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Investment Activism; Corporate Governance; Governance Controls; Governing and Advisory Boards; Negotiation Tactics; Business and Shareholder Relations; Valuation; Japan
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Kester, W. Carl, and Masako Egawa. "HOYA Corporation (A)." Harvard Business School Case 209-065, March 2009. (Revised September 2010.)
  • October 1998 (Revised January 1999)
  • Case

Echlin vs. SPX

By: Paul M. Healy, Bjorn N. Jorgensen and Penny Joseph
Echlin has received a hostile takeover offer from SPX. Both companies have been undertaking major restructurings, and Echlin's shareholders face a difficult decision of whether to support current management or sell out to SPX. Students are asked to analyze the two... View Details
Keywords: Acquisition; Financial Statements; Business and Shareholder Relations
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Healy, Paul M., Bjorn N. Jorgensen, and Penny Joseph. "Echlin vs. SPX." Harvard Business School Case 199-010, October 1998. (Revised January 1999.)
  • March 1988
  • Case

Goodyear Restructuring

Features a firm with a strong, successful, clearly-defined product market strategy. In 1982, this strategy was augmented by new management to include other, conflicting goals. This has an immediate negative impact on the stock market's evaluation of Goodyear's stock... View Details
Keywords: Restructuring; Corporate Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Corporate Finance; Rubber Industry
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Asquith, K. Paul. "Goodyear Restructuring." Harvard Business School Case 288-046, March 1988.
  • October 2007 (Revised December 2008)
  • Background Note

Evaluating M&A Deals: How Poison Pills Work

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
The poison pill defense against hostile takeovers was invented in 1982 by Martin Lipton, of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen and Katz. Pills are considered the most effective of all the normal defenses against a hostile bidder. Describes the two basic types of poison pills... View Details
Keywords: Negotiation Deal; Mergers and Acquisitions
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Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals: How Poison Pills Work." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-061, October 2007. (Revised December 2008.)
  • April 2025
  • Case

Japan Industrial Partners Powers the Leveraged Buyout of Toshiba

By: Brian K. Baik, Joseph Pacelli and James Barnett
The case explores Japan Industrial Partners (JIP) $14 billion takeover of Toshiba Corporation (Toshiba). JIP was a private equity firm that took over the troubled electronics corporation in late 2023. The deal, which had been labeled one of the largest leveraged... View Details
Keywords: International Accounting; Borrowing and Debt; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Ownership; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategy; Valuation; Leveraged Buyouts; Restructuring; Capital Structure; Cost of Capital; Private Equity; Bids and Bidding; Accounting Industry; Electronics Industry; Energy Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Semiconductor Industry; Asia; Japan
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Baik, Brian K., Joseph Pacelli, and James Barnett. "Japan Industrial Partners Powers the Leveraged Buyout of Toshiba." Harvard Business School Case 125-055, April 2025.
  • August 2005 (Revised March 2007)
  • Case

Politics and Prudential Supervision: ABN Amro's Bid for Antonveneta (A)

By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Christopher Bruner
Involves the March 2005 takeover bid launched by ABN Amro, the Dutch bank, for Padua-based Banca Antoniana Popolare Veneta S.p.A. (Antonveneta)--a bid that many would view as a test of Italy's commitment to the creation of a single European market for financial... View Details
Keywords: History; Transformation; Business and Government Relations; Integration; Competitive Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Emerging Markets; Financial Markets; Banks and Banking; Financial Services Industry; European Union; Italy
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Abdelal, Rawi E., and Christopher Bruner. "Politics and Prudential Supervision: ABN Amro's Bid for Antonveneta (A)." Harvard Business School Case 706-009, August 2005. (Revised March 2007.)
  • March 1988 (Revised July 1990)
  • Case

Walt Disney Productions: Greenmail

Considers a firm whose investment strategies have essentially run out. Walt Disney's original visions and goals have all been fulfilled and after his death no new ones are forthcoming. Disney faces repeated takeover attacks and is forced to either set new corporate... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Crisis Management; Acquisition; Financial Strategy; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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Asquith, K. Paul. "Walt Disney Productions: Greenmail." Harvard Business School Case 288-045, March 1988. (Revised July 1990.)
  • February 2000 (Revised April 2004)
  • Case

Butler Capital Partners and Autodistribution: Putting Private Equity to Work in France

Describes a proposed buyout transaction of Autodistribution, an entrepreneurial firm that is the leading car-parts distributor in France. The deal became feasible because of a failed takeover battle for Autodistribution's parent company. Private equity investor Butler... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Valuation; Executive Compensation; Entrepreneurship; Distribution Industry; Auto Industry; France
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Kuemmerle, Walter, and William J. Coughlin Jr. "Butler Capital Partners and Autodistribution: Putting Private Equity to Work in France." Harvard Business School Case 800-224, February 2000. (Revised April 2004.)
  • 16 Mar 2010
  • First Look

First Look: March 16

Managing such a firm in the era of globalization posed enormous challenges. The book covers the company's strategies and provides compelling evidence of its decision making, marketing, brand management, innovation, acquisition strategies,... View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
  • November 2015 (Revised March 2018)
  • Case

Air Products' Pursuit of Airgas (A)

By: Charles C.Y. Wang, Paul M. Healy, Penelope Rossano and Kyle Thomas
This case centers around the Air Products' hostile takeover attempt of Airgas in 2010. Air Products argued that its offer of a 38% premium is generous given Airgas' poor performance, which Air Products attributed to underperforming and entrenched managers at Airgas. On... View Details
Keywords: Acquisition; Business and Shareholder Relations; Industrial Products Industry; Energy Industry; Chemical Industry
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Wang, Charles C.Y., Paul M. Healy, Penelope Rossano, and Kyle Thomas. "Air Products' Pursuit of Airgas (A)." Harvard Business School Case 116-024, November 2015. (Revised March 2018.)
  • December 1997
  • Case

American Cyanamid (A) & (B) (Combined)

American Home Products' (AHP) $9 billion hostile takeover of American Cyanamid (Cyanamid) was the largest merger-and-acquistion transaction in 1994, and made AHP the fourth largest pharmaceutical firm in the United States. At the time of AHP's offer, Cyanamid had... View Details
Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards; Mergers and Acquisitions; Corporate Governance; Conflict and Resolution; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Wruck, Karen, and Sherry P. Roper. "American Cyanamid (A) & (B) (Combined)." Harvard Business School Case 898-120, December 1997.
  • April–May 2021
  • Article

Labor Mobility and Antitakeover Provisions

By: Aiyesha Dey and Joshua White
How do firms protect their human capital? We test whether firms facing an increased threat of being acquired strengthen their antitakeover provisions (ATPs) in order to bond with their employees. We use the adoption of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD) by U.S.... View Details
Keywords: Labor Mobility; Antitakeover Provisions; Trade Secrets; Implicit Contracting; Employee Bonding; Corporate Governance; Acquisition; Human Capital; Strategy; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; Safety
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Dey, Aiyesha, and Joshua White. "Labor Mobility and Antitakeover Provisions." Art. 101388. Journal of Accounting & Economics 71, nos. 2-3 (April–May 2021).
  • 22 Aug 2007
  • Research & Ideas

The Hedge Fund as Activist

higher price per share. (source: Figure 1 of our paper) Our hypothesis was that rather than effecting significant operational change, hedge funds create value by putting firms "in play" as potential merger or acquisition... View Details
Keywords: by Robin Greenwood; Financial Services
  • November 2007
  • Article

If Private Equity Sized Up Your Business

By: Robert C. Pozen
This article includes a one-page preview that quickly summarizes the key ideas and provides an overview of how the concepts work in practice along with suggestions for further reading. As the dust settles on the recent frenzy of private equity deals (including... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Capital Structure; Private Equity; Investment Return; Governing and Advisory Boards; Executive Compensation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry
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Pozen, Robert C. "If Private Equity Sized Up Your Business." Harvard Business Review 85, no. 11 (November 2007).
  • January 2022 (Revised April 2025)
  • Case

Steem Versus Hive: Testing Blockchain Governance

By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
This case examines a pivotal governance conflict that occurred in 2020 when Justin Sun, founder of the TRON blockchain, acquired Steemit Inc., the company behind a popular social media platform operating on the Steem blockchain. Steem, launched in 2016 by Daniel... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Mergers and Acquisitions; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Governance; Organizational Culture; Social and Collaborative Networks; Technology Industry
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Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "Steem Versus Hive: Testing Blockchain Governance." Harvard Business School Case 822-075, January 2022. (Revised April 2025.)
  • May 2010
  • Article

Is Delaware's Antitakeover Statute Unconstitutional? Evidence from 1988-2008

By: Guhan Subramanian, Steven Herscovici and Brian Barbetta
Delaware's antitakeover statute, codified at Section 203 of the Delaware corporate code, is by far the most important antitakeover statute in the United States. When it was first enacted in 1988, three bidders challenged its constitutionality under the Commerce Clause... View Details
Keywords: Courts and Trials; Opportunities; Bids and Bidding; Laws and Statutes; Decisions; Change; Acquisition; United States
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Subramanian, Guhan, Steven Herscovici, and Brian Barbetta. "Is Delaware's Antitakeover Statute Unconstitutional? Evidence from 1988-2008." Business Lawyer 65, no. 3 (May 2010): 685–752. (Selected by academics as one of the “top ten” articles in corporate/securities law for 2010, out of 447 articles published in that year.)
  • Research Summary

Overview

My focus is empirical financial accounting research, with particular interests in governance, valuation, M&A, and short-sellers. All three of my papers to date fall under the broad heading of “alternative governance mechanisms”—studies of how accounting information is... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Corporate Governance; Valuation; Law
  • Research Summary

Overview

My focus is empirical financial accounting research, with particular interests in governance, valuation, M&A, and short-sellers. All three of my papers to date fall under the broad heading of “alternative governance mechanisms”—studies of how accounting information is... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Corporate Governance; Valuation; Law
  • 28 Nov 2005
  • Research & Ideas

Unilever: Transformation and Tradition

changing aspirations. Secondly, Unilever developed strengths in the acquisition of other firms, and their subsequent "Unileverization." After the failed merger attempts of the late 1960s, Unilever professionalized its... View Details
Keywords: by Geoffrey Jones; Consumer Products
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