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      • February 1992 (Revised April 1995)
      • Case

      Pfizer: Global Protection of Intellectual Property

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Michael Santoro
      Top officials at Pfizer are assessing their strategy for improving protection of Pfizer's patents around the world. The outcome of the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations is uncertain, and it is not clear whether an acceptable intellectual property protection... View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Trade; Policy; Government and Politics; Business Strategy; Agreements and Arrangements; Alliances; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States; Japan; Europe
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Michael Santoro. "Pfizer: Global Protection of Intellectual Property." Harvard Business School Case 392-073, February 1992. (Revised April 1995.)
      • August 1991 (Revised March 1993)
      • Case

      Champion International Corp.: Timber, Trade, and the Northern Spotted Owl

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Champion's forest products division owns timberlands, sawmills, and plywood mills in the Pacific Northwest. The listing of the northern spotted owl as an endangered species, and restrictions on exports of logs from state-owned lands, have disrupted the stumpage, log... View Details
      Keywords: Science-Based Business; Natural Environment; Product Marketing; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government and Politics; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Strategy; Trade; Decisions; Management Teams; Forest Products Industry; North and Central America
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Champion International Corp.: Timber, Trade, and the Northern Spotted Owl." Harvard Business School Case 792-017, August 1991. (Revised March 1993.)
      • summer 1991
      • Article

      Trade Secrets and the Justification of Intellectual Property: A Comment on Hettinger

      By: L. S. Paine
      Keywords: Intellectual Property
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      Paine, L. S. "Trade Secrets and the Justification of Intellectual Property: A Comment on Hettinger." Philosophy & Public Affairs 20, no. 3 (summer 1991): 247–263. (Reprinted in Business in Ethical Focus: An Anthology, edited by Fritz Allhoff and Anand J. Vaidya, 564-576. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2008; Reprinted in Ethics in the Workplace: Selected Readings in Business Ethics, edited by Robert A. Larmer, 268-278. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1996; Reprinted in Ethics in the Workplace, edited by Edward J. Ottensmeyer and Gerald McCarthy, 508-519. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996; Reprinted in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, edited by Adam D. Moore, 39-56. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997.)
      • May 1991 (Revised October 1993)
      • Case

      Collision Course in Commercial Aircraft: Boeing-Airbus-McDonnell Douglas--1991 (A)

      By: David B. Yoffie
      Describes the competitive situation that has arisen in the commercial aircraft manufacturing industry since Airbus entered in 1970. Having overtaken McDonnell Douglas for second place, Airbus announces plans to challenge market leader Boeing's last pocket of dominance.... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Trade; Ethics; Investment; Problems and Challenges; Business and Government Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Sales; Competitive Strategy; Technology Adoption; Air Transportation Industry; Manufacturing Industry
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      Yoffie, David B. "Collision Course in Commercial Aircraft: Boeing-Airbus-McDonnell Douglas--1991 (A)." Harvard Business School Case 391-106, May 1991. (Revised October 1993.)
      • March 1991 (Revised January 1996)
      • Case

      The General Mills Board and Strategic Planning

      By: Jay W. Lorsch
      Examines the General Mills Board of Directors' role in the General Mills joint venture with Nestle S.A. to sell cereals outside of North America. It raises the more general question of the appropriate role for the board of directors in strategy formulation. View Details
      Keywords: Joint Ventures; Trade; Corporate Governance; Managerial Roles; Expansion; Food and Beverage Industry; North America
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      Lorsch, Jay W. "The General Mills Board and Strategic Planning." Harvard Business School Case 491-117, March 1991. (Revised January 1996.)
      • 1990
      • Chapter

      Institutional Incentives for Protection: The American Use of Voluntary Export Restraints

      By: J. J. Coleman and D. B. Yoffie
      Keywords: Trade; Motivation and Incentives; United States
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      Coleman, J. J., and D. B. Yoffie. "Institutional Incentives for Protection: The American Use of Voluntary Export Restraints." In International Trade: The Changing Role of the United States, edited by F. J. Macchiarola, 137–150. New York: American Academy of Political Science, 1990.
      • October 1990
      • Article

      Bankruptcy, Boards, Banks, and Blockholders: Evidence on Changes in Corporate Ownership and Control When Firms Default

      By: S. C. Gilson
      In 111 publicly traded firms that either file for bankruptcy or privately restructure their debt between 1979 and 1985, bank lenders frequently become major stockholders or appoint new directors. On average, only 46% of incumbent directors remain when bankruptcy or... View Details
      Keywords: Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Governance; Banks and Banking; Change; Business Ventures; Ownership
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      Gilson, S. C. "Bankruptcy, Boards, Banks, and Blockholders: Evidence on Changes in Corporate Ownership and Control When Firms Default." Journal of Financial Economics 27, no. 2 (October 1990): 355–387.
      • June 7, 1990
      • Article

      New Trading Practices and the Short-run Predictability of the S&P 500

      By: André Perold, Kenneth A. Froot and James F. Gammill Jr.
      Keywords: Institutional Investing; Market Efficiency; Equities; Stock Market; Indexing; Asset Pricing; Financial Markets; Investment; Behavioral Finance
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      Perold, André, Kenneth A. Froot, and James F. Gammill Jr. "New Trading Practices and the Short-run Predictability of the S&P 500." Market Volatility and Investor Confidence: Report to the Board of Directors of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. (June 7, 1990): G1: 1–27.
      • March 1990 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      IBM-Fujitsu Dispute

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco Jr.
      Describes a dispute between IBM and Fujitsu over allegations that Fujitsu stole proprietary IBM software for controlling mainframe computers. Also describes a novel arbitration agreement intended to resolve the dispute, an overview of intellectual property law in the... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Ethics; Intellectual Property; Law; Negotiation Process; Relationships; Software; Information Technology Industry
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr. "IBM-Fujitsu Dispute." Harvard Business School Case 390-168, March 1990. (Revised October 1994.)
      • March–April 1990
      • Article

      The Costly Bargain of Trade Promotion

      By: R. D. Buzzell, J. A. Quelch and W. J. Salmon
      Keywords: Trade
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      Buzzell, R. D., J. A. Quelch, and W. J. Salmon. "The Costly Bargain of Trade Promotion." Harvard Business Review 68, no. 2 (March–April 1990): 141–149.
      • January 1990 (Revised March 1994)
      • Case

      Royal Ahold NV

      By: Richard F. Meyer
      Contains a general description of a large international retailer. Focus is on the major financial risks facing the company: exchange rate risk and commodity price risk. This case is an introduction to financial risk management. It poses some of the major problem areas. View Details
      Keywords: Risk Management; Currency Exchange Rate; Futures and Commodity Futures; Trade; Distribution; Financial Services Industry
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      Meyer, Richard F. "Royal Ahold NV." Harvard Business School Case 190-113, January 1990. (Revised March 1994.)
      • August 1989 (Revised November 1994)
      • Case

      Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market

      By: John A. Quelch
      Nissan executives are reviewing their European marketing strategy in light of the 1992 European Community (EC) market integration program and the likely end of bilateral import quotas on Japanese cars by some EC countries. Having recently established a manufacturing... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Resource Allocation; Market Entry and Exit; Trade; Auto Industry; Japan; United Kingdom; Europe
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      Quelch, John A. "Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market." Harvard Business School Case 590-018, August 1989. (Revised November 1994.)
      • July 1989 (Revised August 1990)
      • Background Note

      New Theories of International Trade

      By: David B. Yoffie and Heather A. Hazard
      Explores the "new" theories of international trade--also called strategic trade policy--which were developed in the 1980s. Examines why economists and policy makers thought new approaches were necessary to explain international trade, the contributions of industrial... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Theory; Policy; Trade
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      Yoffie, David B., and Heather A. Hazard. "New Theories of International Trade." Harvard Business School Background Note 390-001, July 1989. (Revised August 1990.)
      • June 1989 (Revised July 1993)
      • Case

      CIGNA Worldwide

      By: John A. Quelch
      A CIGNA Worldwide (CWW) task group of European country directors and key functional managers is meeting in November 1988 to discuss how CWW should respond to the European Community's plan to remove existing internal barriers and restrictions to the free flow of goods... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Insurance; Competitive Strategy; Emerging Markets; Trade; Insurance Industry; Europe
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      Quelch, John A. "CIGNA Worldwide." Harvard Business School Case 589-098, June 1989. (Revised July 1993.)
      • October 1988
      • Case

      Harris Seafoods Leveraged Buyout

      By: William A. Sahlman
      Describes set of issues confronting Alison Lassiter, who is trying to help Charlie Harris arrange a leveraged buyout of the shrimp company he runs, a division of a publicly traded company, Katy Industries. Lassiter has prepared a memorandum discussing and analyzing the... View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Equity; Cost vs Benefits; Negotiation Tactics; Negotiation Preparation; Financial Management; Strategy; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Planning; Food and Beverage Industry; Industrial Products Industry
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      Sahlman, William A. "Harris Seafoods Leveraged Buyout." Harvard Business School Case 289-019, October 1988.
      • 1988
      • Chapter

      Adjustment of the U.S. and Japanese External Imbalances

      By: K. A. Froot
      Keywords: International Trade; International Finance; Trade; United States; Japan
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      Froot, K. A. "Adjustment of the U.S. and Japanese External Imbalances." In Papers and Proceedings of the Fourth Economic Planning Agency International Symposium, edited by M. Yoshitomi, 287–304. Economic Planning Agency (Japan), 1988.
      • August 1988
      • Article

      Credibility, Real Interest Rates, and the Optimal Speed of Trade Liberalization

      By: K. A. Froot
      Keywords: International Trade; Trade Policy; Trade; Policy; Interest Rates
      Citation
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      Froot, K. A. "Credibility, Real Interest Rates, and the Optimal Speed of Trade Liberalization." Journal of International Economics 25, nos. 1-2 (August 1988): 71–93. (Revised from NBER Working Paper No. 2358, May 1987.)
      • May 1988 (Revised November 1990)
      • Case

      Airbus vs. Boeing (B): The Storm Intensifies

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      Discusses the growing competition faced by U.S. producers of civil aircraft due to the success and expanding product line of Airbus Industries. Designed to foster discussion of international trade policy as it affects producers in the industry and to encourage firm... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Policy; Negotiation; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Aerospace Industry; United States
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Airbus vs. Boeing (B): The Storm Intensifies." Harvard Business School Case 388-145, May 1988. (Revised November 1990.)
      • May 1988 (Revised November 1990)
      • Supplement

      Airbus vs. Boeing (C): Steps Toward Dispute Resolution

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      Presents partial resolution of problem. Cites points still to be resolved in trade dispute between U.S. aircraft manufacturers and Airbus Industrie. To be used as a handout after discussion of the case. View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Problems and Challenges; Conflict and Resolution; Aerospace Industry; United States
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Airbus vs. Boeing (C): Steps Toward Dispute Resolution." Harvard Business School Supplement 388-146, May 1988. (Revised November 1990.)
      • November 1987 (Revised March 1988)
      • Case

      Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983

      By: David B. Yoffie
      In 1983 the National Machine Tools Builder Association was predicting a declining market for the United States and rising imports. Machine tool manufacturers had to decide if they should ask the U.S. government for help, and if they did, which administrative channels... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Machinery and Machining; Government and Politics; Law; Production; Business and Government Relations; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; Japan; Germany; United States
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      Yoffie, David B. "Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983." Harvard Business School Case 388-071, November 1987. (Revised March 1988.)
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