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  • All HBS Web  (4,725)
    • People  (2)
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  • January 2018 (Revised January 2021)
  • Background Note

Customer Lifetime Social Value (CLSV)

By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
One of the hallmarks of the digital revolution is the rise of the socially connected consumer. Concomitantly, the ability of companies to affect and measure the social interactions among customers has grown tremendously. Consequently, in assessing the full value of... View Details
Keywords: Customer Lifetime Value; Customer Management; Social Contagion; Word Of Mouth; Customer Engagement; Customer Value and Value Chain; Measurement and Metrics; Customer Relationship Management
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Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "Customer Lifetime Social Value (CLSV)." Harvard Business School Background Note 518-077, January 2018. (Revised January 2021.)
  • March 2007
  • Article

Authority, Risk, and Performance Incentives: Evidence from Division Manager Positions inside Firms

By: Julie Wulf
I show that performance incentives vary by decision-making authority of division managers. For division managers with broader authority, i.e., those designated as corporate officers, both the sensitivity of pay to global performance measures and the relative importance... View Details
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Performance; Risk and Uncertainty; Business Model; Globalization; Measurement and Metrics; Status and Position; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Divisions
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Wulf, Julie. "Authority, Risk, and Performance Incentives: Evidence from Division Manager Positions inside Firms." Journal of Industrial Economics 55, no. 1 (March 2007): 169–196.
  • 2001
  • Case

Analog Devices (A)

By: Vijay Govindarajan
Analog Devices, a leading semiconductor manufacturer, designed performance measurement systems that provided far more than just a financial view. As their system evolved, it incorporated more measures designed to reflect growth, rather than just operational efficiency.... View Details
Keywords: Balanced Scorecard; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Semiconductor Industry
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Govindarajan, Vijay. "Analog Devices (A)." 2001. (The first Analog Devices case can be found in VG's book Management Control Systems.)
  • 2010
  • Working Paper

Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard

By: Robert S. Kaplan
David Norton and I introduced the Balanced Scorecard in a 1992 Harvard Business Review article (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). The article was based on a multi-company research project to study performance measurement in companies whose intangible assets played a central role... View Details
Keywords: Asset Management; Balanced Scorecard; Management Systems; Performance Improvement; Strategy
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Kaplan, Robert S. "Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-074, March 2010.
  • 2025
  • Working Paper

Using Satellites and Phones to Evaluate and Promote Agricultural Technology Adoption: Evidence from Smallholder Farms in India

By: Shawn Cole, Grady Killeen, Tomoko Harigaya and Aparna Krishna
This paper evaluates a low-cost, customized soil nutrient management advisory service in India. As a methodological contribution, we examine whether and in which settings satellite measurements may be effective at estimating both agricultural yields and treatment... View Details
Keywords: Performance Evaluation; Technology Adoption; Measurement and Metrics; Analytics and Data Science; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; India
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Cole, Shawn, Grady Killeen, Tomoko Harigaya, and Aparna Krishna. "Using Satellites and Phones to Evaluate and Promote Agricultural Technology Adoption: Evidence from Smallholder Farms in India." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-035, January 2025.
  • 25 Apr 2014
  • Video

Ravi Venkatesan - Making A Difference

  • June 1975 (Revised September 2004)
  • Case

Angus Cartwright III

By: Kenneth J. Hatten, William J. Poorvu, Howard H. Stevenson, Arthur I. Segel and John H. Vogel, Jr.
Judy and John DeRight, looking to diversify their investment portfolios, have retained Angus Cartwright, Jr. to identify prospective real estate acquisitions. Mr. Cartwright has four potential properties that he feels merit an in-depth financial analysis. The case... View Details
Keywords: Acquisition; Cash Flow; Investment Return; Investment Portfolio; Taxation; Balanced Scorecard; Valuation
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Hatten, Kenneth J., William J. Poorvu, Howard H. Stevenson, Arthur I. Segel, and John H. Vogel, Jr. "Angus Cartwright III." Harvard Business School Case 375-376, June 1975. (Revised September 2004.)
  • September 2011
  • Supplement

TopCoder (B)

By: Karim R. Lakhani, Eric Lonstein and Stephanie Pokrywa
Metrology plays a key role in the manufacture of mechanical components. Traditionally it is used extensively in a pre-process stage where a manufacturer does process planning, design, and ramp-up, and in post-process off-line inspection to establish proof of quality.... View Details
Keywords: Industry Growth; Forecasting and Prediction; Change Management; Production; Machinery and Machining; Planning; Quality; Competition; Diversification; Technology Adoption; Measurement and Metrics; Product Design; Manufacturing Industry
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Lakhani, Karim R., Eric Lonstein, and Stephanie Pokrywa. "TopCoder (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 612-044, September 2011.
  • February 1999 (Revised March 2004)
  • Case

QI-TECH: A Chinese Technology Company for Sale

QI-TECH, is a Chinese manufacturer of precision coordinate measurement machines. A foreign investor who holds 50% of QI-TECH must negotiate a sale with its Chinese partner and a potential buyer (a large Western measurement machine company). For this purpose the foreign... View Details
Keywords: Machinery and Machining; Negotiation; Valuation; Joint Ventures; Financing and Loans; Manufacturing Industry; China
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Kuemmerle, Walter, and Chad S Ellis. "QI-TECH: A Chinese Technology Company for Sale." Harvard Business School Case 899-079, February 1999. (Revised March 2004.)
  • 16 Oct 2019
  • Working Paper Summaries

Core Earnings? New Data and Evidence

Keywords: by Ethan Rouen, Eric So, and Charles C.Y. Wang
  • 20 Mar 2013
  • News

Sizing Up Social Impact

  • Article

Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan

By: Susanna Gallani, Takehisa Kajiwara and Ranjani Krishnan
Mandatory measurement and disclosure of outcome measures are commonly used policy tools in healthcare. The effectiveness of such disclosures relies on the extent to which the new information produced by the mandatory system is internalized by the healthcare... View Details
Keywords: Value Of Information; Feedback; Patient Satisfaction; Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; Satisfaction; Information; Measurement and Metrics; Performance Improvement
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Gallani, Susanna, Takehisa Kajiwara, and Ranjani Krishnan. "Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (December 2020): 319–357.

    Shane M. Greenstein

    Shane Greenstein is the Martin Marshall Professor of Business Administration. He teaches in the Technology, Operations and Management Unit. 

    Encompassing a wide array of questions about computing, communication, and Internet markets, Professor Greenstein’s... View Details

    Keywords: computer; information technology industry; electronics; information; e-commerce industry; internet; software
    • Apr 11 2019
    • Interview

    Navigating Rapid Change and Uncertainty

    • June 2024
    • Article

    Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy

    By: Tina Highfill and Matthew Weinzierl
    Accurately measuring real economic output in the space economy is made difficult by the rapid increase in capabilities and decrease in prices of launch and satellite technologies achieved over the past two decades. Nominal measures of output in space will tend to... View Details
    Keywords: Technological Innovation; Economic Growth; Price; Production; Aerospace Industry
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    Highfill, Tina, and Matthew Weinzierl. "Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy." Acta Astronautica 219 (June 2024): 236–242.
    • December 2001 (Revised February 2008)
    • Case

    Borealis

    By: Robert S. Kaplan and Bjorn N. Jorgensen
    When Borealis, a European producer of plastics, used a traditional, time-consuming budgeting process, the budget was quickly out of date in a competitive environment characterized by continually changing input and output prices and dynamic market conditions. This case... View Details
    Keywords: Activity Based Costing and Management; Budgets and Budgeting; Forecasting and Prediction; Investment; Governance Controls; Balanced Scorecard; Management Systems; Manufacturing Industry; Europe
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    Kaplan, Robert S., and Bjorn N. Jorgensen. "Borealis." Harvard Business School Case 102-048, December 2001. (Revised February 2008.)
    • Article

    We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There.

    By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
    Any effective system of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting needs to measure each company’s supply-chain carbon impacts accurately. Such information would provide visibility and incentives for the company to make more climate-friendly product-specification and purchasing... View Details
    Keywords: Accounting; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; GHG; Carbon Accounting; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply Chain
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    Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 12, 2022).
    • June 1997 (Revised May 1998)
    • Case

    Mobil USM&R (A1)

    By: Robert S. Kaplan
    First of a two-part case on the development and use of a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) at Mobil's US Marketing and Refining Division. Split from the original (A) case to give students an opportunity to suggest objectives and measures for the division's initial BSC, without... View Details
    Keywords: Balanced Scorecard; Measurement and Metrics; Restructuring; Corporate Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Teams; Marketing Strategy; Motivation and Incentives; Mining Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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    Kaplan, Robert S. "Mobil USM&R (A1)." Harvard Business School Case 197-120, June 1997. (Revised May 1998.)
    • 14 May 2012
    • News

    Clayton Christensen On Truth, God and Personal Courage

    • December 1992 (Revised May 1993)
    • Case

    Porsche AG

    By: Robert S. Kaplan
    Describes the financial management of the research and development departments of an automobile manufacturer and technology supplier. Existing cost systems measure accurately the costs incurred by department and by project. But little formal information is provided... View Details
    Keywords: Financial Management; Cost Accounting; Research and Development; Machinery and Machining; Auto Industry; Technology Industry
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    Kaplan, Robert S. "Porsche AG." Harvard Business School Case 193-071, December 1992. (Revised May 1993.)
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