Publications

January 2023
Article

Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire

By: Tami Kim, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton and Leslie K. John

From “Chick Beer” to “Dryer Sheets for Men,” identity-based labeling is frequently deployed by marketers to appeal to specific target markets. Yet such identity appeals can backfire, alienating the very consumers they aim to attract. We theorize and empirically... View Details

Keywords: Categorization Threat; Stereotypes; Identity; Labels; Gender; Perception; Consumer Behavior

September 2019 (Revised June 2021)
Case

Dove and Real Beauty: Building a Brand with Purpose

By: Mark R. Kramer, Myriam Sidibe and Gunjan Veda

Unilever subsidiary Dove soap became a "brand with a purpose" and created shared value when the company decided to launch a Campaign for Real Beauty to combat the artificial media-driven stereotype of female beauty that causes appearance anxiety in women and girls... View Details

Keywords: Stereotype; Body Image; Female; Self-Esteem; Brands and Branding; Mission and Purpose; Advertising Campaigns; Gender; Resource Allocation

Educators

November 2012
Article

An Age Penalty in Racial Preferences

By: Deborah A. Small, Devin G. Pope and Michael I. Norton

We document an age penalty in racial discrimination: charitable behavior toward African American children decreases-and negative stereotypical inferences increase-with the age of those children. Using data from an online charity that solicits donations for school... View Details

Keywords: Stereotyping; Charitable Giving; Prejudice; Prosocial Behavior; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Age; Race; Prejudice and Bias

Article

Backlash Against Male Elementary Educators

By: Corinne A. Moss-Racusin and Elizabeth R. Johnson

We investigated the existence, nature, and processes underscoring backlash (social and economic penalties) against men who violate gender stereotypes by working in education, and whether backlash is exacerbated by internal (vs. external) behavioral attributions.... View Details

Keywords: Backlash Theory; Gender Stereotypes; Teaching; Early Childhood Education; Gender

June 2003
Article

Waning of Stereotypic Perceptions in Small Groups: Identity Negotiation and Erosion of Gender Expectations of Women.

By: William B. Swann Jr., Virginia S.Y. Kwan, Jeffrey T. Polzer and Laurie P. Milton

Keywords: Perception; Groups and Teams; Identity; Negotiation

2002
Dissertation

The Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences of Social Identity-based Impression Management: Strategies for Professional Image Construction in Cases of Negative Stereotyping

By: Laura Morgan

2022
Working Paper

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Satisfaction of Workers in Low-Wage Jobs

By: Elizabeth R. Johnson and Ashley V. Whillans

How did job satisfaction change during the pandemic for workers in low-wage jobs, and how did workers’ experiences compare to those in professional jobs? Using nationally representative survey data, we show that the pandemic increased the dissatisfaction of workers in... View Details

Keywords: Low-Wage Jobs; COVID-19 Pandemic; Pay; Job Satisfaction; Income Inequality; Stereotypes; Satisfaction; Compensation and Benefits; Working Conditions

Research Summary

Overview

By: Katherine B. Coffman

Professor Coffman studies the sources of gender gaps in economically-important contexts. Her work focuses on the role of beliefs: how do stereotypes bias the beliefs that individuals hold about themselves (and others), and how do these biased beliefs shape... View Details

Keywords: Gender; Stereotypes; Diversity Management; Experiments

Research Summary

Interpersonal Communication & Human-Computer Interaction

This stream of research, combining methods from experimental psychology and natural language processing, investigates behaviors that improve interpersonal communication. In our paper on question-asking published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,... View Details

Keywords: Communication; Responsiveness; Negotiation; Gender Stereotypes

October 2015 (Revised January 2017)
Exercise

Gender at Work

By: Boris Groysberg and Colleen Ammerman

Keywords: Gender Bias; Gender Stereotypes; Prejudice and Bias; Gender

July 2024
Article

A (Dynamic) Investigation of Stereotypes, Belief-Updating, and Behavior

By: Katherine B. Coffman, Paola Ugalde Araya and Basit Zafar

Many decisions—such as what educational or career path to pursue—are dynamic in nature, with individuals receiving feedback at one point in time and making decisions later. Using a controlled experiment, with two sessions one week apart, we analyze the dynamic effects... View Details

Keywords: Feedback; Beliefs; Stereotypes; Self-assessment; Gender Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Decision Choices and Conditions

2013
Work/Family

Pamela Stone Speaks at the 2013 Gender & Work Symposium

Research Summary

Cognitive Biases in Hiring Discrimination, with Christopher Winship and Andras, 2008-Present

Research on stereotyping and employment discrimination
Field study with Human Resources professionals

View Details

2013
Stereotypes

Toni Schmader Speaks at the 2013 Gender & Work Symposium

Research Summary

Research Assistant to Christopher Winship, Harvard Sociology, 2007-2008

Research on stereotyping and employment discrimination

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Video

Alexandra C. Feldberg presents "The Task Bind: Gender Differences I Managerial Tasks and Performance" (Flash Talk)

March 2019
Article

Beliefs about Gender

By: Pedro Bordalo, Katherine Baldiga Coffman, Nicola Gennaioli and Andrei Shleifer

We conduct laboratory experiments that explore how gender stereotypes shape beliefs about ability of oneself and others in different categories of knowledge. The data reveal two patterns. First, men’s and women’s beliefs about both oneself and others exceed observed... View Details

Keywords: Performance Evaluation; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Gender

2025
Article

Humor as a Window into Generative AI Bias

By: Roger Samure, Julian De Freitas and Stefano Puntoni

A preregistered audit of 600 images by generative AI across 150 different prompts explores the link between humor and discrimination in consumer-facing AI solutions. When ChatGPT updates images to make them “funnier”, the prevalence of stereotyped groups changes. While... View Details

Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Demographics; Prejudice and Bias