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  • All HBS Web  (2,698)
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  • July 2015 (Revised April 2016)
  • Case

Lomography: Analog in a Digital World

By: John T. Gourville, Karol Misztal and Emer Moloney
In spite of the world's move to digital photography, in 2013 Lomography continues to design and offer analog (film) cameras to a loyal following of artistic photographers. Now it must decide whether to stick to its traditional offerings, to expand into artistic lenses... View Details
Keywords: Positioning; Product Lines; Product Line Management; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Technological Innovation; Brands and Branding; Fine Arts Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Technology Industry
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Gourville, John T., Karol Misztal, and Emer Moloney. "Lomography: Analog in a Digital World." Harvard Business School Case 516-006, July 2015. (Revised April 2016.)
  • 30 Sep 2013
  • Research & Ideas

Do Mergers Hurt Product Quality?

according to a recent study by Harvard Business School Assistant Professor Albert W. Sheen. In The Real Product Impact of Mergers, Sheen finds that mergers generally have little effect on product quality... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel; Consumer Products
  • July 1987
  • Case

Altoona Corp.: Computer Products Division

By: Roger E. Bohn and Robert H. Hayes
A relatively small manufacturer of computer memory disks has achieved a major market position through the use of its statistical quality control (SQC) program. It is now expanding the production of a new line of disks and is encountering problems getting the process... View Details
Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Volatility; Performance Consistency; Performance Improvement; Performance Productivity; Quality; Mathematical Methods; Hardware; Manufacturing Industry
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Bohn, Roger E., and Robert H. Hayes. "Altoona Corp.: Computer Products Division." Harvard Business School Case 688-010, July 1987.
  • October 2011
  • Case

Gene Sequencing: Staking a Position in an Expanding Industry

By: Richard G. Hamermesh, Mara Aspinall and Phillip Andrews
Towards the end of 2010, companies in the gene sequencing industry were pushing aggressive R&D programs to develop technologies and products in the race to sequence the entire human genome at a cost of $1,000. It remained to be seen when the "$1,000 genome" would... View Details
Keywords: Genetics; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Plan; Competition; Venture Capital; Biotechnology Industry
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Hamermesh, Richard G., Mara Aspinall, and Phillip Andrews. "Gene Sequencing: Staking a Position in an Expanding Industry." Harvard Business School Case 812-004, October 2011.
  • August 1998
  • Case

Electronic Commerce at Air Products

By: F. Warren McFarlan and Melissa Dailey
In 1998,chief information officers (CIOs) in the highly competitive international gases and chemicals business faced the reality that electronic commerce capability was a strategic necessity. The results of annual surveys of technology officers in the chemical industry... View Details
Keywords: Management Teams; Information Technology; Globalized Markets and Industries; Infrastructure; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Business Strategy; Chemical Industry; United States
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McFarlan, F. Warren, and Melissa Dailey. "Electronic Commerce at Air Products." Harvard Business School Case 399-035, August 1998.
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Accounting for Product Impact in the Telecommunications Industry

By: George Serafeim and Katie Trinh
We apply the product impact measurement framework of the Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI) in two competitor companies within the telecommunications industry. We design a monetization methodology that allows us to calculate monetary impact estimates of network... View Details
Keywords: Product Innovation; Impact; Impact Investing; Impact Measurement; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; Social Corporate Responsibility; Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Impact; Telecommunications; Product Design; Product Positioning; Society; Product; Environmental Sustainability; Measurement and Metrics; Framework; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Telecommunications Industry
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Serafeim, George, and Katie Trinh. "Accounting for Product Impact in the Telecommunications Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-105, March 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
  • March 2019
  • Article

Open Source Software and Firm Productivity

By: Frank Nagle
As open source software (OSS) is increasingly used as a key input by firms, understanding its impact on productivity becomes critical. This study measures the firm-level productivity impact of nonpecuniary (free) OSS and finds a positive and significant value-added... View Details
Keywords: Applications and Software; Open Source Distribution; Performance Productivity; Information Technology; Strategy
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Nagle, Frank. "Open Source Software and Firm Productivity." Management Science 65, no. 3 (March 2019): 1191–1215.
  • May 2015 (Revised October 2015)
  • Case

Apple Inc. in 2015

By: David B. Yoffie and Eric Baldwin
At the end of 2014, Apple Inc. recorded the most profitable quarter of any firm in history, and its market capitalization soon topped $700 billion. 'Apple Inc in 2015' explores the history of Apple, its successes under Jobs, its continued growth under Tim Cook, and the... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Innovation; Market Positioning; Marketing Implementation; Planning; Products; Strategy; Strategic Positioning; Technology; Information Technology; Strategic Planning; Product Positioning; Leadership; Communication; Competitive Advantage; Product; Innovation and Invention; Computer Industry; Electronics Industry
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Yoffie, David B., and Eric Baldwin. "Apple Inc. in 2015." Harvard Business School Case 715-456, May 2015. (Revised October 2015.)
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Accounting for Product Impact in the Consumer-Packaged Foods Industry

By: Amanda Rischbieth, George Serafeim and Katie Trinh
We apply the product impact measurement framework of the Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI) in two competitor companies within the consumer-packaged goods industry. We design a methodology that allows us to calculate monetary impact estimates on customer... View Details
Keywords: Product Innovation; Impact; Impact Investing; Impact Measurement; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; Social Corporate Responsibility; Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Impact; Nutrition Database; Nutritional Information; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods; IWAI; Product Design; Product Positioning; Society; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Nutrition; Product; Safety; Consumer Products Industry
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Rischbieth, Amanda, George Serafeim, and Katie Trinh. "Accounting for Product Impact in the Consumer-Packaged Foods Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-051, October 2020. (Revised October 2021.)
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Accounting for Product Impact in the Water Utilities Industry

By: George Serafeim and Katie Trinh
We apply the product impact measurement framework of the Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI) in two competitor companies within the water utilities industry. We design a monetization methodology that allows us to calculate monetary impact estimates of water... View Details
Keywords: Product Innovation; Impact; Impact Investing; Impact Measurement; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; Social Corporate Responsibility; Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Impact; Water; Utilities; Product Design; Product Positioning; Society; Product; Environmental Sustainability; Measurement and Metrics; Framework; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Utilities Industry
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Serafeim, George, and Katie Trinh. "Accounting for Product Impact in the Water Utilities Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-104, March 2021.
  • December 2021
  • Case

Burning Glass Technologies: From Data to Product

By: Suraj Srinivasan and Amy Klopfenstein
In May 2021, Matt Sigelman, CEO of Burning Glass Technologies, a company that provided labor market analytics for a variety of markets, navigates his company’s transition from data company to product company. Burning Glass originated as a service that used artificial... View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; Internet and the Web; Strategy; Expansion; Business Strategy; Labor; Employment; Human Capital; Jobs and Positions; Job Design and Levels; Job Search; Human Resources; Selection and Staffing; Recruitment; Employees; Retention; Competency and Skills; Experience and Expertise; Talent and Talent Management; Analytics and Data Science; Business Model; Technology Industry; North and Central America; United States
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Srinivasan, Suraj, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Burning Glass Technologies: From Data to Product." Harvard Business School Case 122-015, December 2021.
  • 2025
  • Working Paper

Productivity Beliefs and Efficiency in Science

By: Fabio Bertolotti, Kyle R. Myers and Wei Yang Tham
We develop a method to estimate producers’ productivity beliefs in settings where output quantities and input prices are unobservable, and we use it to evaluate allocative efficiency in the market for science. Our model of researchers’ labor supply shows that their... View Details
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Bertolotti, Fabio, Kyle R. Myers, and Wei Yang Tham. "Productivity Beliefs and Efficiency in Science." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-063, June 2025.
  • May 1998
  • Article

Market Structure, Innovation and Vertical Product Differentiation

By: Shane Greenstein and Garey Ramey
We reassess Arrow's (1962) [Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, in NBER, The Rate and Direction of Innovative Activity (Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ)] results concerning the effect of market structure on the returns from process... View Details
Keywords: Product; Market Design; Innovation and Invention; Monopoly; Competition
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Greenstein, Shane, and Garey Ramey. "Market Structure, Innovation and Vertical Product Differentiation." International Journal of Industrial Organization 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 285–311.
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Accounting for Product Impact in the Oil and Gas Industry

By: Katie Panella, George Serafeim and Katie Trinh
We apply the product impact measurement framework of the Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI) in two competitor companies within the oil and gas industry. We design a monetization methodology that allows us to calculate monetary product impact estimates of... View Details
Keywords: Product Innovation; Impact; Impact Investing; Impact Measurement; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; Social Corporate Responsibility; Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Impact; Oil; Oil & Gas; Oil And Gas; IWAI; Impact-Weighted Accounts; Product Design; Product Positioning; Society; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Product
Citation
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Panella, Katie, George Serafeim, and Katie Trinh. "Accounting for Product Impact in the Oil and Gas Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-140, June 2021.
  • October 2004 (Revised July 2010)
  • Case

Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market

By: Elie Ofek
Lilly and ICOS are preparing for the launch of a new drug, Cialis, to compete against Viagra. To position against the incumbent firm Pfizer, which developed and markets Viagra, and other newcomers into the erectile dysfunction market, they must determine how best to... View Details
Keywords: Communication Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Segmentation; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Ofek, Elie. "Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market." Harvard Business School Case 505-038, October 2004. (Revised July 2010.)
  • January 2001
  • Teaching Note

ZEFER: Building and Positioning an e-Business Consulting Company TN

By: Richard L. Nolan and George Francis Westerman III
Keywords: Product Positioning; Internet and the Web; Business Ventures; Consulting Industry
Citation
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Nolan, Richard L., and George Francis Westerman III. "ZEFER: Building and Positioning an e-Business Consulting Company TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 301-090, January 2001.
  • August 1984
  • Case

Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (D): General Electric (GE)

By: Joseph L. Bower
Keywords: Product Positioning; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
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Bower, Joseph L. "Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (D): General Electric (GE)." Harvard Business School Case 385-048, August 1984.
  • August 1984
  • Case

Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (A): The Dishwasher Market

By: Joseph L. Bower
Keywords: Product Positioning; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
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Bower, Joseph L. "Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (A): The Dishwasher Market." Harvard Business School Case 385-045, August 1984.
  • September 2013
  • Exercise

An Exercise in Designing a Travel Coffee Mug

By: Elie Ofek and Michael Norris
In recent years design has emerged as a critical factor in the success of many new products. This case exercise provides a hands-on way to experience the design process and offers a structured approach for incorporating key considerations that can aid in effective... View Details
Keywords: New Product Development; Innovation; Market Research; Competitive Positioning; Design; Product Development; Consumer Products Industry
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Ofek, Elie, and Michael Norris. "An Exercise in Designing a Travel Coffee Mug." Harvard Business School Exercise 514-042, September 2013.
  • 13 Nov 2013
  • Research & Ideas

Should Men’s Products Fear a Woman’s Touch?

really goes away. Since the dawn of advertising, retailers have made a point of marketing separate lines of branded products for men and women in many categories, even in cases where their functions are essentially the same. It's a... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel; Consumer Products; Consumer Products; Consumer Products
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