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    • All HBS Web  (1,154)
      • Faculty Publications  (134)

      Observational StudiesRemove Observational Studies →

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      • July 2021
      • Article

      Medical Debt in the U.S., 2009–2020

      By: Raymond Kluender, Neale Mahoney, Francis Wong and Wesley Yin
      Importance: Medical debt is an increasing concern in the US, yet there is limited understanding of the amount and distribution of medical debt, and its association with health care policies.

      Objective: To measure the amount of medical debt nationally and by... View Details
      Keywords: Debt; Borrowing and Debt; Health Care and Treatment; United States
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      Kluender, Raymond, Neale Mahoney, Francis Wong, and Wesley Yin. "Medical Debt in the U.S., 2009–2020." JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association 326, no. 3 (July 2021): 250–256.
      • Article

      Does Observability Amplify Sensitivity to Moral Frames? Evaluating a Reputation-Based Account of Moral Preferences

      By: Valerio Capraro, Jillian J. Jordan and Ben Tappin
      A growing body of work suggests that people are sensitive to moral framing in economic games involving prosociality, suggesting that people hold moral preferences for doing the “right thing”. What gives rise to these preferences? Here, we evaluate the explanatory power... View Details
      Keywords: Moral Preferences; Moral Frames; Observability; Trustworthiness; Trust Game; Trade-off Game; Moral Sensibility; Reputation; Behavior; Trust
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      Capraro, Valerio, Jillian J. Jordan, and Ben Tappin. "Does Observability Amplify Sensitivity to Moral Frames? Evaluating a Reputation-Based Account of Moral Preferences." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 94 (May 2021).
      • Article

      A Feasibility Study Using Time-driven Activity-based Costing as a Management Tool for Provider Cost Estimation: Lessons from the National TB Control Program in Zimbabwe in 2018

      By: J. Chirenda, B. Nhlema Simwaka, C. Sandy, K. Bodnar, S. Corbin, P. Desai, T. Mapako, S. Shamu, C. Timire, E. Antonio, A. Makone, A. Birikorang, T. Mapuranga, M. Ngwenya, T. Masunda, M. Dube, E. Wandwalo, L. Morrison and R. S. Kaplan
      Background: This study used process maps and time-driven activity-based costing to document TB service delivery processes. The analysis identified the resources required to sustain TB services in Zimbabwe, as well as several opportunities for more effective and... View Details
      Keywords: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing; Provider Cost; Health Care and Treatment; Cost Management; Activity Based Costing and Management; Zimbabwe
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      Chirenda, J., B. Nhlema Simwaka, C. Sandy, K. Bodnar, S. Corbin, P. Desai, T. Mapako, S. Shamu, C. Timire, E. Antonio, A. Makone, A. Birikorang, T. Mapuranga, M. Ngwenya, T. Masunda, M. Dube, E. Wandwalo, L. Morrison, and R. S. Kaplan. "A Feasibility Study Using Time-driven Activity-based Costing as a Management Tool for Provider Cost Estimation: Lessons from the National TB Control Program in Zimbabwe in 2018." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 242 (2021).
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Population Interference in Panel Experiments

      By: Iavor I Bojinov, Kevin Wu Han and Guillaume Basse
      The phenomenon of population interference, where a treatment assigned to one experimental unit affects another experimental unit's outcome, has received considerable attention in standard randomized experiments. The complications produced by population interference in... View Details
      Keywords: Finite Population; Potential Outcomes; Dynamic Causal Effects; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., Kevin Wu Han, and Guillaume Basse. "Population Interference in Panel Experiments." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-100, March 2021.
      • Mar 2021
      • Conference Presentation

      Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning

      By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi
      We study the data deletion problem for convex models. By leveraging techniques from convex optimization and reservoir sampling, we give the first data deletion algorithms that are able to handle an arbitrarily long sequence of adversarial updates while promising both... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Unlearning Algorithm; Mathematical Methods
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      Neel, Seth, Aaron Leon Roth, and Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi. "Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning." Paper presented at the 32nd Algorithmic Learning Theory Conference, March 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Last Place Aversion in Queues

      By: Ryan W. Buell
      This paper documents the effects of last place aversion in queues and its implications for customer experiences and behaviors as well as for operating performance. An observational analysis of customers queuing at a grocery store, and four online studies in which... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Operations; Queues; Reference Effects; Last Place Aversion; Transparency; Customers; Behavior; Satisfaction; Service Operations
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      Buell, Ryan W. "Last Place Aversion in Queues." Management Science 67, no. 3 (March 2021): 1430–1452.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Does Observability Amplify Sensitivity to Moral Frames? Evaluating a Reputation-Based Account of Moral Preferences

      By: Valerio Capraro, Jillian J. Jordan and Ben Tappin
      A growing body of work suggests that people are sensitive to moral framing in economic games involving prosociality, suggesting that people hold moral preferences for doing the “right thing”. What gives rise to these preferences? Here, we evaluate the explanatory power... View Details
      Keywords: Moral Preferences; Moral Frames; Observability; Trustworthiness; Trust Game; Trade-off Game; Moral Sensibility; Reputation; Behavior; Trust
      Citation
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      Capraro, Valerio, Jillian J. Jordan, and Ben Tappin. "Does Observability Amplify Sensitivity to Moral Frames? Evaluating a Reputation-Based Account of Moral Preferences." Working Paper, January 2021.
      • Article

      The Importance of Being Causal

      By: Iavor I Bojinov, Albert Chen and Min Liu
      Causal inference is the study of how actions, interventions, or treatments affect outcomes of interest. The methods that have received the lion’s share of attention in the data science literature for establishing causation are variations of randomized experiments.... View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Observational Studies; Cross-sectional Studies; Panel Studies; Interrupted Time-series; Instrumental Variables
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., Albert Chen, and Min Liu. "The Importance of Being Causal." Harvard Data Science Review 2.3 (July 30, 2020).
      • Article

      Assessing the Training Costs and Work of Diagnostic Radiology Residents Using Key Performance Indicators—An Observational Study

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Marta E. Heilbrun, Brad Poss, Luca Boi, Yoshimi Anzai and Nan Hu
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Marta E. Heilbrun, Brad Poss, Luca Boi, Yoshimi Anzai, and Nan Hu. "Assessing the Training Costs and Work of Diagnostic Radiology Residents Using Key Performance Indicators—An Observational Study." Academic Radiology 27, no. 7 (July 2020): 1025–1032.
      • Article

      What We Can Learn from Five Naturalistic Field Experiments That Failed to Shift Commuter Behaviour

      By: Ariella S. Kristal and A.V. Whillans
      Across five field experiments with employees of a large organization (n = 68,915), we examined whether standard behavioural interventions (“nudges”) successfully reduced single-occupancy vehicle commutes. In Studies 1 and 2, we sent letters and emails with nudges... View Details
      Keywords: Commuting; Field Experiments; Nudges; Behavior; Change
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      Kristal, Ariella S., and A.V. Whillans. "What We Can Learn from Five Naturalistic Field Experiments That Failed to Shift Commuter Behaviour." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 2 (February 2020): 169–176. (This article was featured on the cover as the lead article.)
      • December 2019
      • Article

      It Helps to Ask: The Cumulative Benefits of Asking Follow-up Questions

      By: Michael Yeomans, Alison Wood Brooks, Karen Huang, Julia A. Minson and Francesca Gino
      In a recent article published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP; Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, & Gino, 2017), we reported the results of 2 experiments involving “getting acquainted” conversations among strangers and an observational field... View Details
      Keywords: Question-asking; Conversation; Communication; Relationships; Interpersonal Communication
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      Yeomans, Michael, Alison Wood Brooks, Karen Huang, Julia A. Minson, and Francesca Gino. "It Helps to Ask: The Cumulative Benefits of Asking Follow-up Questions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117, no. 6 (December 2019): 1139–1144.
      • September 2019
      • Article

      The Self-Presentational Consequences of Upholding One's Stance in Spite of the Evidence

      By: Leslie John, Martha Jeong, Francesca Gino and Laura Huang
      Five studies explore the self-presentational consequences of refusing to “back down” – that is, upholding a stance despite evidence of its inaccuracy. Using data from an entrepreneurial pitch competition, Study 1 shows that entrepreneurs tend not to back down even... View Details
      Keywords: Self-presentation; Belief Perseverance; Judgment; Confidence; Persuasion; Personal Characteristics; Behavior; Perception; Decision Making; Outcome or Result
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      John, Leslie, Martha Jeong, Francesca Gino, and Laura Huang. "The Self-Presentational Consequences of Upholding One's Stance in Spite of the Evidence." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 154 (September 2019): 1–14.
      • Article

      Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students

      By: A.V. Whillans, Lucia Macchia and Elizabeth Dunn
      How does prioritizing time or money shape major life decisions and subsequent well-being? In a preregistered longitudinal study of approximately 1000 graduating university students, respondents who valued time over money chose more intrinsically rewarding activities... View Details
      Keywords: Time Use; Trade-offs; Career Decisions; Time Management; Money; Happiness; Values and Beliefs; Personal Development and Career
      Citation
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      Whillans, A.V., Lucia Macchia, and Elizabeth Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019).
      • 2010
      • Article

      I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity

      By: Julian Zlatev
      What characteristics of an individual signal trustworthiness to other people? I propose that individuals who care about contentious social issues signal to observers that they have integrity and thus can be trusted. Critically, this signal conveys trustworthiness... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Characteristics; Moral Sensibility; Perception; Trust
      Citation
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      Zlatev, Julian. "I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (June 2019): 880–892.
      • Article

      Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data

      By: Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim
      As the ESG finance field and the use of ESG data in investment decision-making continue to grow, the authors seek to shed light on several important aspects of ESG measurement and data. This article is intended to provide a useful guide for the rapidly rising number of... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Reporting; Data Analytics; Sustainability; Sustainability Reporting; CSR; Transparency; Investment Management; Socially Responsible Investing; Sustainable Finance; Sustainable Development; Inclusion; Inclusive Growth; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Corporate Accountability; Investment; Management; Climate Change; Corporate Governance; Diversity; Integrated Corporate Reporting
      Citation
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      Kotsantonis, Sakis, and George Serafeim. "Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 31, no. 2 (Spring 2019): 50–58.
      • Article

      Corporate Culture and Analyst Catering

      By: Joseph Pacelli
      This study examines the relation between financial institutions’ corporate culture and the quality of analysts’ research services. Using data collected from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, I measure the weakness of financial institutions’ corporate culture... View Details
      Keywords: Analysts; Corporate Culture; Global Settlement; Financial Institutions; Organizational Culture; Conflict of Interests; Performance; Quality
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      Pacelli, Joseph. "Corporate Culture and Analyst Catering." Journal of Accounting & Economics 67, no. 1 (February 2019): 120–143.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Relative Performance Transparency: Effects on Sustainable Choices

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Shwetha Mariadassou and Yanchong Zheng
      We study how transparency into the levels and changes of relative sustainability performance affects consumer choices. Our work considers two forms of transparency: process transparency, in which customers receive information about the company's sustainability... View Details
      Keywords: Relative Performance Tranparency; Process Transparency; Customer Transparency; Levels; Changes; Reflectiveness; Self-serving Attribution Biases; Sustainability; Consumer Choice
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      Buell, Ryan W., Shwetha Mariadassou, and Yanchong Zheng. "Relative Performance Transparency: Effects on Sustainable Choices." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-079, January 2019.
      • Article

      Diversity Thresholds: How Social Norms, Visibility, and Scrutiny Relate to Group Composition

      By: Edward H. Chang, Katherine L. Milkman, Dolly Chugh and Modupe Akinola
      Across a field study and four experiments, we examine how social norms and scrutiny affect decisions about adding members of underrepresented populations (e.g., women, racial minorities) to groups. When groups are scrutinized, we theorize that decision makers strive to... View Details
      Keywords: Social Norms; Impression Management; Groups and Teams; Governing and Advisory Boards; Diversity; Gender; Decision Making
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      Chang, Edward H., Katherine L. Milkman, Dolly Chugh, and Modupe Akinola. "Diversity Thresholds: How Social Norms, Visibility, and Scrutiny Relate to Group Composition." Academy of Management Journal 62, no. 1 (February 2019): 144–171.
      • November 2018 (Revised February 2019)
      • Case

      Israel at 70: Is it Possible to (re)Brand a Country?

      By: Elie Ofek and Sarah Gulick
      In the spring of 2018, Israel was set to celebrate its 70th anniversary. While there was much to rejoice in reaching this milestone, the country’s brand image internationally was far from ideal. Past efforts to impact perceptions of Israel, spearheaded by the Ministry... View Details
      Keywords: Branding; Brand Management Of Places; Nation Branding; Brand Positioning; Public Diplomacy; Marketing Communication; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Perception; Change; Israel
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      Ofek, Elie, and Sarah Gulick. "Israel at 70: Is it Possible to (re)Brand a Country?" Harvard Business School Case 519-006, November 2018. (Revised February 2019.)
      • September 2018
      • Article

      An Exploratory Study of Product Development in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Medical Device Testing in India

      By: Budhaditya Gupta and Stefan Thomke
      Recent research has studied innovation in emerging economies. However, microlevel product development processes in these economies are relatively unexplored, and the mechanisms by which the emerging economy context might affect such processes are still unclear. In this... View Details
      Keywords: India; Product Development; Emerging Markets; Situation or Environment; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; India
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      Gupta, Budhaditya, and Stefan Thomke. "An Exploratory Study of Product Development in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Medical Device Testing in India." R&D Management 48, no. 4 (September 2018): 485–501.
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