Publications

January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
Case

Blue Frontier: Disrupting Air Conditioning

By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small

Serial entrepreneur Daniel Betts founded Blue Frontier in South Florida to offer a climate-friendly solution to increase air conditioning efficiency and dehumidify using new technology he developed. Backed by significant venture capital, Blue Frontier had to choose... View Details

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Performance Efficiency; Business Strategy; Florida

October 2009
Article

How GE Is Disrupting Itself

By: Jeffrey R. Immelt, Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble

09 Aug 2004
Research & Ideas

A Diagnostic for Disruptive Innovation

Would-be innovators know that one of their biggest challenges is systematically identifying the innovations with the greatest likelihood of creating disruptive growth. Pick the wrong one, and squander a year or more of focus and... View Details

Keywords: by Scott D. Anthony, Mark W. Johnson & Matt Eyring

November 2014 (Revised March 2015)
Case

Disrupting the Meat Industry: Tissue Culture Beef

By: Jose B. Alvarez and Matthew G. Preble

Dr. Mark Post and his team at Maastricht University were perfecting their tissue culture beef product—made entirely from muscle grown in his lab—to give it the same taste, texture and appearance of a traditional beef hamburger. A previous iteration of this product had... View Details

Keywords: Innovation; Beef Production; Environmental Impacts Of Food Production; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Environmental Sustainability; Food; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Netherlands; United States; United Kingdom

November 2018
Article

Disruptive Innovation: An Intellectual History and Directions for Future Research

By: Clayton M. Christensen, Rory McDonald, Elizabeth J. Altman and Jonathan E. Palmer

The concept of disruptive innovation has gained considerable currency among practitioners despite widespread misunderstanding of its core principles. Similarly, foundational research on disruption has elicited frequent citation and vibrant debate in academic circles,... View Details

Keywords: Innovation Metrics; Systemic Industries; Technology Trajectories; Disruptive Innovation; Theory; History; Competitive Strategy; Research

Read Now

1997
Chapter

Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave

By: Joseph L. Bower and Clayton M. Christensen

Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Disruption

2000
Working Paper

Managing the Disruption of Healthcare

By: Clayton M. Christensen, Richard Bohmer, John Kenagy and Jeffrey Elton

Article

What to Do When Industry Disruption Threatens Your Career

By: Boris Groysberg, Eric Lin and Whitney Johnson

This article discusses how to diagnose the risks that disruptive industry forces pose to individual careers and offers suggestions on how to mitigate such threats. Recommendations are based on analyses of individuals’ career histories in the professional services... View Details

Keywords: Disruption; Personal Development and Career; Strategy

September 2012 (Revised April 2013)
Case

Digital Microscopy at Carl Zeiss: Managing Disruption

By: Willy Shih

Ulrich Simon, the head of the Microscopy business group at Carl Zeiss AG knew that his unit was facing a disruptive threat, so he chartered a special team to tackle the industrial segment. Given a high degree of autonomy, the project team developed an understanding of... View Details

Keywords: Modularity; High Technology Products; Emergent Strategy; Product Lines; Corporate Strategy; Digital Platforms; Disruptive Innovation; Technology Industry; Germany

January 2020 (Revised April 2020)
Teaching Note

Brandless: Disrupting Consumer Packaged Goods

By: Jill Avery

Brandless, an online direct-to-consumer seller of upscale private-label consumer packaged goods (CPG), offered consumers a limited assortment of values-conscious products delivered directly to their homes with the simplicity of one fixed $3.00 price point that promised... View Details

Keywords: Brand; Brand Management; DTC; Private Label; Groceries; Packaged Food; Personal Care; Startups; Retailing; Amazon; Brands and Branding; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Business Startups; Disruption; E-commerce; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry; United States

2003
Other Unpublished Work

Interventional Radiology: Disrupting Invasive Medicine

By: Chirag D Shah, Troyen A Brennan and C. M. Christensen

Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry

July 2025
Background Note

Ecosystem Disruption: A Multi-Stakeholder View of Disruptive Innovations

By: E. Ofek, Michael Haenlein, Eitan Muller and Roman Welden

The purpose of this note is to offer a more expansive view of how innovations disrupt markets than has been portrayed thus far in the extant literature by taking an ecosystem perspective. This broader outlook allows examining not only the product strategies of the... View Details

07 Feb 2019
Book

How Big Companies Can Outrun Disruption

combination of both. In my framework, there are four types of innovation. Routine innovation builds upon a company’s existing technological competencies and exploits the existing business model. Disruptive innovation, a concept made... View Details

Keywords: by Martha Lagace

Article

Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change

By: Clayton M. Christensen and Michael Overdorf

Keywords: Disruption; Change; Problems and Challenges

March 2024
Case

Ava DuVernay's Array: Disrupting the Hollywood Film Industry

By: Anita Elberse and Morgan Brewton-Johnson

In February 2023 acclaimed filmmaker Ava DuVernay is filming her latest movie, Origin, a daring adaptation of Isabel Wilkerson’s book Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. With Origin, DuVernay is pioneering a method to finance the endeavor—through a combination of... View Details

Keywords: Financing and Loans; Intellectual Property; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Disruption; Motion Pictures and Video Industry

April 2025
Teaching Note

Blue Frontier: Disrupting Air Conditioning

By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small

Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 325-088. View Details

2009
Book

The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care

By: Clayton M. Christensen, Jerome H. Grossman M.D. and Jason Hwang M.D.

A groundbreaking prescription for health care reform—from a legendary leader in innovation. Our health care system is in critical condition. Each year, fewer Americans can afford it, fewer businesses can provide it, and fewer government programs can promise it for... View Details

Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Health Care and Treatment; Disruptive Innovation; Health Industry; United States

14 Aug 2019
Sharpening Your Skills

The Manager's Guide to Leveraging Disruption

In 1995, Harvard Business School professors Clayton M. Christensen and Joseph L. Bower wrote a seminal article for Harvard Business Review, Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave. Those words launched the theory of disruptive... View Details

Keywords: by Sean Silverthorne

1999
Chapter

Impact of Disruptive Technologies in Telecommunications

By: Clayton M. Christensen

Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Disruption; Communication Technology; Telecommunications Industry