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    • All HBS Web  (472)
      • Faculty Publications  (54)

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      • January 2018 (Revised March 2020)
      • Case

      SAP: Branding in the Digital Age

      By: Das Narayandas and Amram Migdal
      By 2017, digital, social, and mobile technologies were rapidly changing the way many of SAP’s traditional customers did business over the last decade. In response to this trend, SAP had acquired companies with capabilities in e-commerce, human capital, workforce... View Details
      Keywords: Brand Positioning; Marketing; Sales; Brands and Branding; Strategy; Technology Industry
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      Narayandas, Das, and Amram Migdal. "SAP: Branding in the Digital Age." Harvard Business School Case 518-058, January 2018. (Revised March 2020.)
      • January 2018 (Revised January 2021)
      • Background Note

      Customer Lifetime Social Value (CLSV)

      By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
      One of the hallmarks of the digital revolution is the rise of the socially connected consumer. Concomitantly, the ability of companies to affect and measure the social interactions among customers has grown tremendously. Consequently, in assessing the full value of... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Lifetime Value; Customer Management; Social Contagion; Word Of Mouth; Customer Engagement; Customer Value and Value Chain; Measurement and Metrics; Customer Relationship Management
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      Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "Customer Lifetime Social Value (CLSV)." Harvard Business School Background Note 518-077, January 2018. (Revised January 2021.)
      • September 2016
      • Article

      Do Display Ads Influence Search?: Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising

      By: Pavel Kireyev, Koen Pauwels and Sunil Gupta
      As firms increasingly rely on online media to acquire consumers, marketing managers feel comfortable justifying higher online marketing spending by referring to online metrics such as click-through rate (CTR) and cost per acquisition (CPA). However, these standard... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Digital Marketing
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      Kireyev, Pavel, Koen Pauwels, and Sunil Gupta. "Do Display Ads Influence Search? Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising." International Journal of Research in Marketing 33, no. 3 (September 2016): 475–490.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Big History, Global Corporations, Virtual Capitalism

      By: Richard L. Nolan
      Homo sapiens has mastered its environment so thoroughly that, for the first time in history, a small minority of the population is capable of creating enough food and fuels to support not only itself, but also a growing majority of the 6 billion people now living on... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Internet and the Web; Innovation and Invention; United States
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      Nolan, Richard L. "Big History, Global Corporations, Virtual Capitalism." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-116, March 2016. (Revised October 2016.)
      • 2013
      • Dissertation

      Designing Freemium: A Model of Consumer Usage, Upgrade, and Referral Dynamics

      By: Clarence Lee, Vineet Kumar and Sunil Gupta
      Abstract. Over the past decade "freemium" (free + premium) has become the dominant business model among internet start-ups for its ability to acquire and monetize a large install-base with limited marketing resources. Freemium is a hybrid strategy where a firm offers... View Details
      Keywords: Discrete-Continuous Choice Dynamic Structural Models; Bayesian Estimation; Word-of-Mouth; Digital Services; Freemium; Entrepreneurship; Business Model; Motivation and Incentives; Marketing Strategy; Internet and the Web; Consumer Behavior; Marketing Reference Programs; Business Startups
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      Lee, Clarence, Vineet Kumar, and Sunil Gupta. "Designing Freemium: A Model of Consumer Usage, Upgrade, and Referral Dynamics." Diss., Harvard Business School, 2013. (Job Market Paper.)
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      Do Display Ads Influence Search?: Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising

      By: Sunil Gupta
      As firms increasingly rely on online media to acquire consumers, marketing managers feel comfortable justifying higher online marketing spend by referring to online metrics such as click-through rate (CTR) and cost per acquisition (CPA). However, these standard online... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Digital Marketing
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      Kireyev, Pavel, Koen Pauwels, and Sunil Gupta. "Do Display Ads Influence Search? Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-070, February 2013.
      • December 2012
      • Background Note

      Are Daily Deals Good for Merchants?

      By: Sunil Gupta, Timothy Keiningham, Ray Weaver and Luke Williams
      In the relatively short time since Groupon was founded, the response to "daily deals"—services that promote businesses by marketing deeply discounted, pre-paid vouchers to an online subscriber base—has by all accounts been spectacular. Our evaluation of daily deals is... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Technology; Business Strategy; Digital; Marketing Strategy; Web Services Industry
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      Gupta, Sunil, Timothy Keiningham, Ray Weaver, and Luke Williams. "Are Daily Deals Good for Merchants?" Harvard Business School Background Note 513-059, December 2012.
      • March 2011 (Revised September 2011)
      • Background Note

      Everyone and Everything is Online

      By: Stephen P. Bradley and Nancy Bartlett
      The twenty-first century digital world enabled mobile, empowered, content-hungry individuals to capture the value of enabling technologies and applications to manage, create, share, and influence content across the creation and delivery spectrum. Users were online in... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Technology; Learning; Entertainment; Power and Influence; Internet and the Web; Value; Web Services Industry
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      Bradley, Stephen P., and Nancy Bartlett. "Everyone and Everything is Online." Harvard Business School Background Note 711-494, March 2011. (Revised September 2011.)
      • 2010
      • Article

      Impact of Online Consumer Reviews on Sales: The Moderating Role of Product and Consumer Characteristics

      By: Feng Zhu and Michael Zhang
      This article examines how product and consumer characteristics moderate the influence of online consumer reviews on product sales using data from the video game industry. The findings indicate that online reviews are more influential for less popular games and games... View Details
      Keywords: Internet Marketing; Online Consumer Reviews; Word Of Mouth; Long Tail; Internet and the Web; Marketing Reference Programs; Digital Marketing; Video Game Industry
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      Zhu, Feng, and Michael Zhang. "Impact of Online Consumer Reviews on Sales: The Moderating Role of Product and Consumer Characteristics." Journal of Marketing 74, no. 2 (March 2010): 133–148.
      • December 2006 (Revised March 2010)
      • Case

      Bill Gates and Steve Jobs

      By: Anthony Mayo and Mark Benson
      Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, founders of Microsoft and Apple respectively, have revolutionized the relationship between the individual and computer technology. Once the exclusive domain of academia and research facilities, computers can now be found in every area of... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Business History; Technological Innovation; Leadership; Risk and Uncertainty; Technology Industry
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      Mayo, Anthony, and Mark Benson. "Bill Gates and Steve Jobs." Harvard Business School Case 407-028, December 2006. (Revised March 2010.)
      • September 2006 (Revised October 2007)
      • Module Note

      Platform-Mediated Networks: Definitions and Core Concepts

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann
      Defines platform-mediated networks and introduces concepts central to their study. First, it defines networks and network effects; explains how network effects influence users' willingness-to-pay for network access; describes factors that determine the strength of... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Network Effects; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Digital Platforms
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R. "Platform-Mediated Networks: Definitions and Core Concepts." Harvard Business School Module Note 807-049, September 2006. (Revised October 2007.)
      • February 2006 (Revised September 2007)
      • Background Note

      Winner-Take-All in Networked Markets

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann
      Discusses platform structure in new networked markets, that is, whether a market that exhibits network effects will be served by a single platform or by rival platforms. Defines "platforms" and "platform structure"; describes factors that influence the odds that a... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Growth Management; Network Effects; Digital Platforms; Internet and the Web
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R. "Winner-Take-All in Networked Markets." Harvard Business School Background Note 806-131, February 2006. (Revised September 2007.)
      • April 2005 (Revised March 2007)
      • Case

      eAccess, Ltd.

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann, Masako Egawa and Ariko Ota
      The managers of eAccess, Japan's third largest provider of digital subscriber line (DSL) service, must decide whether to enter the mobile communications business. Japan's mobile services are among the world's most expensive, and incumbent carriers' profits are high. To... View Details
      Keywords: Information Infrastructure; Diversification; Policy; Business Startups; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Japan
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R., Masako Egawa, and Ariko Ota. "eAccess, Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 805-117, April 2005. (Revised March 2007.)
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data

      By: AJ Chen, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      To mitigate information asymmetry about borrowers in developing economies, digital lenders use machine-learning algorithms and nontraditional data from borrowers’ mobile devices. Consequently, digital lenders have managed to expand access to credit for millions of... View Details
      Keywords: Informal Economy; Digital Banking; Mobile Phones; Developing Countries and Economies; Mobile and Wireless Technology; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Credit; Borrowing and Debt; Well-being; Banking Industry; Kenya
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      Chen, AJ, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data." Accounting Review (forthcoming). (Pre-published online April 22, 2025.)
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