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    • All HBS Web  (1,651)
      • Faculty Publications  (265)

      Complex Technical SystemsRemove Complex Technical Systems →

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      • June 2021
      • Supplement

      Reversing Course on a Reverse E-Auction (C)

      By: Kym Lew Nelson, James K. Sebenius and Alex Green
      Global consumer products powerhouse LSP has found enormous savings in a trial run of a new competitive bidding tool for their procurement organization known as a reverse e-auction. But when Jen Baldwin is asked to achieve the same savings from her suppliers for a... View Details
      Keywords: Reverse E-auctions; Bids and Bidding; Auctions; Complexity; Cost vs Benefits
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      Lew Nelson, Kym, James K. Sebenius, and Alex Green. "Reversing Course on a Reverse E-Auction (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 921-053, June 2021.
      • June 2021
      • Supplement

      Reversing Course on a Reverse E-Auction (D)

      By: Kym Lew Nelson, James K. Sebenius and Alex Green
      Global consumer products powerhouse LSP has found enormous savings in a trial run of a new competitive bidding tool for their procurement organization known as a reverse e-auction. But when Jen Baldwin is asked to achieve the same savings from her suppliers for a... View Details
      Keywords: Reverse E-auctions; Bids and Bidding; Auctions; Complexity; Cost vs Benefits
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      Lew Nelson, Kym, James K. Sebenius, and Alex Green. "Reversing Course on a Reverse E-Auction (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 921-054, June 2021.
      • Article

      Look 'Outside the Building' for the Future of Leadership

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      The author discusses what she terms “outside the building” issues, such as climate change, pandemics, and racial/gender justice. These complex issues are “beyond the boundaries of single organizations.” As she writes, “I call this new leadership for the future... View Details
      Keywords: Change Leadership; Advanced Leadership; Innovation; Complex Systems; Impact; Leadership; Change; Leading Change; Innovation Leadership
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M. "Look 'Outside the Building' for the Future of Leadership." Leader to Leader 100 (Spring 2021): 31–34.
      • March 16, 2021
      • Article

      From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles

      By: Julian De Freitas, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony and Emilio Frazzoli
      For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We... View Details
      Keywords: Automated Driving; Public Health; Artificial Intelligence; Transportation; Health; Ethics; Policy; AI and Machine Learning
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      De Freitas, Julian, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony, and Emilio Frazzoli. "From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 16, 2021).
      • March 2021 (Revised December 2023)
      • Case

      Capitalism and the Party-State: The People's Republic of China at 70

      By: Meg Rithmire and Courtney Han
      In 2019, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) turned seventy-years-old and became the longest active authoritarian regime in recent history. By then, China was the world’s second largest economy by GDP (after the United States), and a high-technology industrial... View Details
      Keywords: Party-state; Economic Systems; Business and Government Relations; Economy; Society; International Relations; China
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      Rithmire, Meg, and Courtney Han. "Capitalism and the Party-State: The People's Republic of China at 70." Harvard Business School Case 721-040, March 2021. (Revised December 2023.)
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Increasing the Level of Abstraction as a Strategy for Accelerating the Adoption of Complex Technologies

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Many new technologies are complex and embody high levels of technical sophistication, and applying them should require significant knowledge and experience. Yet, the rapid adoption and incorporation of these technologies into other innovations seems inconsistent with... View Details
      Keywords: Abstraction; Technological And Scientific Innovation; Technological Progress; Diffusion Of Innovation; Technology Adoption; Technological Innovation; Complexity; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Shih, Willy C. "Increasing the Level of Abstraction as a Strategy for Accelerating the Adoption of Complex Technologies." Strategy Science 6, no. 1 (March 2021): 54–61. (ISSN 2333-2050 (print), ISSN 2333-2077 (online))
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Apple: Privacy vs. Safety (A)

      By: Henry McGee, Nien-hê Hsieh, Sarah McAra and Christian Godwin
      In 2015, Apple CEO Tim Cook debuted the iPhone 6S with enhanced security measures that enflamed a debate on privacy and public safety around the world. The iPhone 6S, amid a heightened concern for privacy following the 2013 revelation of clandestine U.S. surveillance... View Details
      Keywords: Iphone; Encryption; Data Privacy; Customers; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decision Making; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Globalized Firms and Management; Government and Politics; National Security; Law; Law Enforcement; Leadership; Markets; Safety; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Civil Society or Community; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Technology Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Electronics Industry; United States; China; Hong Kong
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      McGee, Henry, Nien-hê Hsieh, Sarah McAra, and Christian Godwin. "Apple: Privacy vs. Safety (A)." Harvard Business School Case 321-004, February 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight

      By: Aticus Peterson and Andy Wu
      We study how learning by experience across projects affects an entrepreneur's strategic foresight. In a quantitative study of 314 entrepreneurs across 722 crowdfunded projects supplemented with a program of qualitative interviews, we counterintuitively find that... View Details
      Keywords: Experience; Interdependency; Strategic Foresight; Crowdfunding; Timeline; Delay; Forecasting; Entrepreneurship; Learning; Complexity; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Development; Planning
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      Peterson, Aticus, and Andy Wu. "Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-123, January 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
      • January 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Hester Pharmaceuticals (A): A Pricing Dilemma

      By: Dante Roscini and John Masko
      In August 2019, the leadership of Hester Pharmaceuticals (Hester) had a problem. Italy promised to be a key market for their new breakthrough oncology drug Akrozumab, but for almost two years, its single-payer healthcare system had been unable to agree with Hester on a... View Details
      Keywords: Macroeconomics; Trade; Price; Global Range; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Health Care and Treatment; Patents; Monopoly; Negotiation; Business and Government Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Human Needs; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Pharmaceutical Industry; Italy
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      Roscini, Dante, and John Masko. "Hester Pharmaceuticals (A): A Pricing Dilemma." Harvard Business School Case 721-001, January 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • Article

      Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development

      By: Michael Beer
      A normative and actionable theory of planned organizational change and development is proposed based on fifty years of engagement by the author as a scholar-consultant. Five principles are central features of the theory and practice proposed: 1) Organizations are... View Details
      Keywords: Consultant; Process; Systems; Silence; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership; Learning; Management Teams
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      Beer, Michael. "Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development." Journal of Change Management 21, no. 1 (2021).
      • December 2020
      • Article

      The Parable of the Auctioneer: Complexity in Paul R. Milgrom's Discovering Prices

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Alexander Teytelboym
      Designing marketplaces in complex settings requires both novel economic theory and real-world engineering, often drawing upon ideas from fields such as computer science and operations research. In Discovering Prices, Milgrom (2017) explains the theory and design... View Details
      Keywords: Pricing; Design; Auctions; Market Design; Complexity
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Alexander Teytelboym. "The Parable of the Auctioneer: Complexity in Paul R. Milgrom's Discovering Prices." Journal of Economic Literature 58, no. 4 (December 2020): 1180–1196.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Nonprofit Boards: It Is time to Lift Your Gaze and See the System

      By: Shamal Dass, Kristy Muir and V. Kasturi Rangan
      Nonprofits the world over have faced significant crises in 2020, leaving them and their constituents in precarious positions. Responses to these crises have demonstrated incredible agility. However, they have also demonstrated that the first two levels of governance... View Details
      Keywords: Nonprofit Organizations; Governing and Advisory Boards; Health Pandemics; Governance; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; System; Framework
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      Dass, Shamal, Kristy Muir, and V. Kasturi Rangan. "Nonprofit Boards: It Is time to Lift Your Gaze and See the System." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-058, November 2020.
      • November 2020 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      CommonSpirit Health: Integrating a Merger of Equals

      By: Robert S. Huckman, Hise Gibson and Nicole Gilmore
      Soon after closing the 2019 merger of Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) and Dignity Health to create CommonSpirit Health, Lloyd Dean and Kevin Lofton-–jointly appointed to the role of CEO—must make several operational and strategic decisions related to the integration... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care Delivery; Hospital; Merger; Merger Integration; Hospital Mergers; Health Information Technology; CEOs; Health Care and Treatment; Mergers and Acquisitions; Integration; Leadership; Customer Value and Value Chain; Decision Choices and Conditions; Governance; Information Technology; Health Industry; United States
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      Huckman, Robert S., Hise Gibson, and Nicole Gilmore. "CommonSpirit Health: Integrating a Merger of Equals." Harvard Business School Case 621-034, November 2020. (Revised February 2022.)
      • October 2020
      • Case

      Fiscal Responses to COVID-19

      By: Rawi Abdelal, Rafael Di Tella, Vincent Pons and Galit Goldstein
      For the first half of 2020, the COVID-19 crisis seemed on the verge of spiraling out of control. The business world struggled to figure out what COVID meant for macroeconomics. Extended restrictions limiting human interaction meant an end to normal economic production,... View Details
      Keywords: Fiscal Policy; COVID; COVID-19; Economic Analysis; Economic Downturn; Economic Conditions; Economic Governance; Economic Systems; Economy; Health Pandemics; Finance; Policy; United States; Germany; France; European Union
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      Abdelal, Rawi, Rafael Di Tella, Vincent Pons, and Galit Goldstein. "Fiscal Responses to COVID-19." Harvard Business School Case 721-011, October 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Strategy without Numbers

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Functional analysis as set forth in the last chapter decomposes a technical system into functional components that do things to advance the system’s purpose and the goals of its designers. Functional analysis in turn can be used to construct value structure maps... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Value Structure Mapping; Value Capture; Information Technology; Organizations; Strategy; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Strategy without Numbers." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-040, September 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 2 Transactions in a Task Network

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      From the 1930s through today, many economists have conceived of large technical systems for the production of goods and services as a series of transactions. This point of view has led eminent economists to assert that transactions are the fundamental unit of analysis... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Information Technology; Organizations
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 2 Transactions in a Task Network." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-030, August 2020.
      • Article

      Active World Model Learning with Progress Curiosity

      By: Kuno Kim, Megumi Sano, Julian De Freitas, Nick Haber and Daniel Yamins
      World models are self-supervised predictive models of how the world evolves. Humans learn world models by curiously exploring their environment, in the process acquiring compact abstractions of high bandwidth sensory inputs, the ability to plan across long temporal... View Details
      Keywords: World Models; Mathematical Methods
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      Kim, Kuno, Megumi Sano, Julian De Freitas, Nick Haber, and Daniel Yamins. "Active World Model Learning with Progress Curiosity." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 37th (2020).
      • Summer 2020
      • Article

      Is It Time to Rethink Globalized Supply Chains?: The COVID-19 Pandemic Should Be a Wake-up Call for Managers and Prompt Them to Consider Actions That Will Improve Their Resilience to Future Shocks

      By: Willy C. Shih
      The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the complex interdependencies of globalized supply chains. While these global multistage production networks had spread during a relatively benign environment of falling trade barriers and increasing interdependencies among countries,... View Details
      Keywords: Supply Chains; Pandemic; Resilience; Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain; Global Range; Health Pandemics; Disruption; System Shocks; Crisis Management; Manufacturing Industry; United States; Asia; Europe; China
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      Shih, Willy C. "Is It Time to Rethink Globalized Supply Chains? The COVID-19 Pandemic Should Be a Wake-up Call for Managers and Prompt Them to Consider Actions That Will Improve Their Resilience to Future Shocks." MIT Sloan Management Review 61, no. 4 (Summer 2020): 16–18.
      • March 11, 2020
      • Editorial

      A Bolder Vision for Business Schools

      By: P. Tufano
      Business schools teach to a model that dates back to the 1950s. Given the growing demands on business to take a lead in confronting societal challenges, business schools need to update how they train business leaders and how they compete, argues Oxford’s Saïd School... View Details
      Keywords: Business Schools; Business And Society; Business Education; Leadership Development; Business and Stakeholder Relations
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      Tufano, P. "A Bolder Vision for Business Schools." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (March 11, 2020).
      • March 2020
      • Case

      ZEISS Group: Organize by Customer Culture?

      By: Willy C. Shih
      How should ZEISS, the German manufacturer of precision optical and optoelectronic systems manage two historic businesses that operated fairly autonomously? The Industrial Quality Solutions (IQS) business sold measurement equipment to manufacturing companies in sectors... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Organizational Culture; Manufacturing Industry; Europe; Germany
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      Shih, Willy C. "ZEISS Group: Organize by Customer Culture?" Harvard Business School Case 620-103, March 2020.
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