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      U.S. Innovation SystemRemove U.S. Innovation System →

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      • March 2010 (Revised August 2010)
      • Case

      Systems Infrastructure at Google (A)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Stecker
      This case describes how a senior vice president of engineering at Google, Bill Coughran, leads a high-performing engineering organization. The case focuses specifically on Coughran's encouraging two teams of engineers to develop competing solutions for application... View Details
      Keywords: Independent Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Leadership Development; Product Design; Groups and Teams; Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Competitive Strategy; Technology Industry; United States
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Stecker. "Systems Infrastructure at Google (A)." Harvard Business School Case 410-110, March 2010. (Revised August 2010.)
      • March 2010 (Revised August 2010)
      • Supplement

      Systems Infrastructure at Google (B)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Stecker
      This case is a thick description of how a Senior Vice President of Engineering at Google, Bill Coughran, leads a high-performing engineering organization. The case focuses specifically on Coughran's use of encouraging two teams of engineers to develop competing... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation Leadership; Infrastructure; Management Teams; Leadership Development; Information Technology Industry
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Stecker. "Systems Infrastructure at Google (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 410-111, March 2010. (Revised August 2010.)
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard

      By: Robert S. Kaplan
      David Norton and I introduced the Balanced Scorecard in a 1992 Harvard Business Review article (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). The article was based on a multi-company research project to study performance measurement in companies whose intangible assets played a central role... View Details
      Keywords: Asset Management; Balanced Scorecard; Management Systems; Performance Improvement; Strategy
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      Kaplan, Robert S. "Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-074, March 2010.
      • March 2010
      • Article

      The Role of Independent Invention in U.S. Technological Development, 1880-1930

      By: Tom Nicholas
      Why did independent inventors account for over half of US patents by 1930 and more than three times the number granted to R&D firms? Using new data on patents and historical patent citations, I show that independents supplied high quality innovations to a... View Details
      Keywords: History; Technological Innovation; Patents; Urban Scope; Independent Innovation and Invention; Research and Development; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom. "The Role of Independent Invention in U.S. Technological Development, 1880-1930." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–82.
      • February 2010 (Revised June 2012)
      • Case

      "Plugging In" the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U.S.

      By: Elie Ofek and Polly Ribatt
      How will U.S. consumers respond to the proliferation of alternative-fuel vehicles, such as cars powered partially or completely by electricity, in the coming decade? After a century in which fossil fuel-powered vehicles dominated the market, it appeared consumers would... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Sources; Policy; Marketing; Demand and Consumers; Business and Government Relations; Natural Environment; Pollutants; Adoption; Auto Industry; United States
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      Ofek, Elie, and Polly Ribatt. "Plugging In" the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U.S. Harvard Business School Case 510-076, February 2010. (Revised June 2012.)
      • February 2010
      • Case

      Applied Research Technologies, Inc.: Global Innovation's Challenges

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Heather Beckham
      Applied Research Technologies, Inc. (ART) is a diversified technology company which has used its entrepreneurial culture and encouragement of innovation as an ongoing competitive advantage. The case concentrates on the challenges faced by Peter Vyas, the Filtration... View Details
      Keywords: Management Style; Managerial Roles; Management Practices and Processes; Reputation; Organizational Culture; Innovation and Management; Competitive Advantage; Entrepreneurship; Management Systems; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Technology Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A., and Heather Beckham. "Applied Research Technologies, Inc.: Global Innovation's Challenges." Harvard Business School Brief Case 104-168, February 2010.
      • February 2010 (Revised September 2011)
      • Case

      Local Motors: Designed by the Crowd, Built by the Customer

      By: Michael I. Norton and Jeremy Dann
      In the wake of the meltdown among U.S. auto manufacturers in 2009, Jay Rogers, CEO of Local Motors, has a new approach for the automotive industry: decide which models are produced through online design competitions, and then allow customers to "build their own cars"... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Customer Focus and Relationships; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Product Design; Product Development; Creativity; Social and Collaborative Networks; Customization and Personalization; Auto Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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      Norton, Michael I., and Jeremy Dann. "Local Motors: Designed by the Crowd, Built by the Customer." Harvard Business School Case 510-062, February 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
      • February 2010 (Revised September 2011)
      • Case

      Lehman Brothers

      By: Tom Nicholas and David Chen
      In 2008, the U.S. financial system was in a state of crisis and Lehman Brothers went from a major Wall Street investment bank to an insolvent institution. It was a swift end for a firm that had its beginnings over 150 years prior. What would be the firm's legacy? And... View Details
      Keywords: History; Business History; Development Economics; Business Exit or Shutdown; Investment Banking; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and David Chen. "Lehman Brothers." Harvard Business School Case 810-106, February 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
      • February 2010 (Revised January 2013)
      • Case

      The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time

      By: Stefan H. Thomke and Mona Sinha
      Describes the Mumbai-based Dabbawala organization, which achieves very high service performance (6 Sigma equivalent or better) with a low-cost and very simple operating system. The case explores all aspects of their system (mission, information management, material... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Service Operations; Service Delivery; Logistics; Alignment; Management Systems; Human Resources; Innovation and Invention; Mumbai
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      Thomke, Stefan H., and Mona Sinha. "The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time." Harvard Business School Case 610-059, February 2010. (Revised January 2013.)
      • January 2010
      • Case

      Pratham - Every Child in School and Learning Well

      By: Srikant M. Datar, Stacey M. Childress, Rachna Tahilyani and Anjali Raina
      The case focuses on how Pratham, a non-governmental organization, provided quality education to underprivileged children in India by collaborating with the government. It focuses on the problem Madhav Chavan, the founder, is trying to solve, the contributing factors... View Details
      Keywords: Non-Governmental Organizations; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Social and Collaborative Networks; Performance Evaluation; Change Management; Organizational Design; Early Childhood Education; Management Systems; Strategy; Quality; Education Industry; India
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      Datar, Srikant M., Stacey M. Childress, Rachna Tahilyani, and Anjali Raina. "Pratham - Every Child in School and Learning Well." Harvard Business School Case 110-001, January 2010.
      • January 2010
      • Article

      Breakthrough Inventions and Migrating Clusters of Innovation

      By: William R. Kerr
      We investigate the speed at which clusters of invention for a technology migrate spatially following breakthrough inventions. We identify breakthrough inventions as the top one percent of U.S. inventions for a technology during 1975-1984 in terms of subsequent... View Details
      Keywords: History; Technological Innovation; Patents; Labor; Immigration; United States
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      Kerr, William R. "Breakthrough Inventions and Migrating Clusters of Innovation." Journal of Urban Economics 67, no. 1 (January 2010): 46–60.
      • 2010
      • Chapter

      Innovative Conduct in U.S. Computing and Internet Markets

      By: Shane Greenstein
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      Greenstein, Shane. "Innovative Conduct in U.S. Computing and Internet Markets." In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Volume 1, edited by Bronwyn H. Hall and Nathan Rosenberg, 477–538. Elsevier/North-Holland, 2010.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      The Architecture of Complex Systems: Do Core-periphery Structures Dominate?

      By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak

      Any complex technological system can be decomposed into a number of subsystems and associated components, some of which are core to system function while others are only peripheral. The dynamics of how such "core-periphery" structures evolve and become embedded in a... View Details

      Keywords: Innovation and Management; Product Design; Practice; Core Relationships; Software; Information Technology Industry
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      MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "The Architecture of Complex Systems: Do Core-periphery Structures Dominate?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-059, January 2010.
      • December 2009 (Revised April 2012)
      • Case

      Neoprene

      By: Tom Nicholas and Felipe Tamega Fernandes
      In 1931, during one of the worst economic crises in U.S. history, Du Pont announced the discovery of an innovative rubber synthetic product—neoprene. Yet at the time of the announcement, Du Pont did not have any neoprene to sell. Manufacturing facilities were still... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Business History; Innovation and Invention; Product Development; Risk and Uncertainty; Science-Based Business; Commercialization; Chemical Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and Felipe Tamega Fernandes. "Neoprene." Harvard Business School Case 810-084, December 2009. (Revised April 2012.)
      • October 2009 (Revised July 2012)
      • Case

      Emotiv Systems Inc.: It's the Thoughts that Count

      By: Elie Ofek, Jason Riis and Paul Hamilton
      Emotiv is getting ready to launch its innovative brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology. The company has developed a special headset, called EPOC, and highly sophisticated software that can translate a person's emotions, cognitive thoughts, and facial expressions... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Sales; Technological Innovation; Demand and Consumers; Marketing Strategy; Partners and Partnerships; Entrepreneurship; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Launch; Business Startups; Technology Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, Jason Riis, and Paul Hamilton. "Emotiv Systems Inc.: It's the Thoughts that Count." Harvard Business School Case 510-050, October 2009. (Revised July 2012.)
      • October 2009 (Revised July 2013)
      • Case

      Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Access Program

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan and Katharine Lee
      Gilead Sciences, the U.S. leader in HIV/AIDS medicines, with global sales of $5.4 billion in 2009, had undertaken several innovative actions to make its anti-viral products available to over 100 low- and middle-income countries. Having reached nearly 680,000 patients... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Emerging Markets; Product; Sales; Competitive Strategy; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Katharine Lee. "Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Access Program." Harvard Business School Case 510-029, October 2009. (Revised July 2013.)
      • September 2009
      • Teaching Note

      IBM in the 21st Century: The Coming of the Globally Integrated Enterprise (TN)

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Matthew Bird
      Teaching Note for [308105]. View Details
      Keywords: Opportunities; Value; Competition; System; Innovation and Invention; Multinational Firms and Management; Leadership Development; Information Technology Industry; Computer Industry
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Matthew Bird. "IBM in the 21st Century: The Coming of the Globally Integrated Enterprise (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 310-006, September 2009.
      • September 2009 (Revised September 2010)
      • Case

      Genzyme Center (A)

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Aldo Sesia
      Genzyme Corporation is in the midst of planning its new corporate headquarters, which incorporates many innovative green building features. After learning that the building as planned would likely earn a LEED Silver rating, an intermediate score in the LEED green... View Details
      Keywords: Green Building; LEED Rating System; Economic And Environmental Performance; Program Evaluation And Assessment; Tradeoffs Between Process- And Performance Standards; Buildings and Facilities; Business Headquarters; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Standards; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Performance Improvement; Environmental Sustainability; Pollutants; Green Technology Industry
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Aldo Sesia. "Genzyme Center (A)." Harvard Business School Case 610-008, September 2009. (Revised September 2010.)
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect

      By: Amir E. Khandani, Andrew W. Lo and Robert C. Merton
      The confluence of three trends in the U.S. residential housing market—rising home prices, declining interest rates, and near-frictionless refinancing opportunities—led to vastly increased systemic risk in the financial system. Individually, each of these trends is... View Details
      Keywords: Housing; Mortgages; Risk and Uncertainty; Value; Mathematical Methods; Real Estate Industry; United States
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      Khandani, Amir E., Andrew W. Lo, and Robert C. Merton. "Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 15362, September 2009.
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect

      By: Amir E. Khandani, Andrew W. Lo and Robert C. Merton
      The confluence of three trends in the U.S. residential housing market-rising home prices, declining interest rates, and near-frictionless refinancing opportunities-led to vastly increased systemic risk in the financial system. Individually, each of these trends is... View Details
      Keywords: Equity; Mortgages; Interest Rates; Price; Housing; Risk and Uncertainty; United States
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      Khandani, Amir E., Andrew W. Lo, and Robert C. Merton. "Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-023, September 2009. (Revised July 2010.)
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