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  • March 2008 (Revised March 2014)
  • Case

Facebook

By: Mikolaj Jan Piskorski, Thomas R. Eisenmann, Aaron Smith, David Chen and Brian Feinstein
As Facebook topped one billion monthly users in October 2012, the online social network continued to face questions about how best to monetize its surging traffic. The company could invest further in new advertising products, which represented the majority of the... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Profit; Open Source Distribution; Social and Collaborative Networks; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Information Technology Industry
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Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan, Thomas R. Eisenmann, Aaron Smith, David Chen, and Brian Feinstein. "Facebook." Harvard Business School Case 808-128, March 2008. (Revised March 2014.) (More Info.)
  • February 23, 2022
  • Article

Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?

By: Christian Catalini and Scott Duke Kominers
Like the early Internet, blockchain and Web3 applications promise a new wave of decentralization and competition—yet at the same time, it is unclear which of the dynamics that drove concentration in online platforms and services will remain in force under the Web3... View Details
Keywords: Web3; Blockchain; Interoperability; Internet and the Web; Technological Innovation; Competition; Digital Platforms
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Catalini, Christian, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?" Competition Policy International (online) (February 23, 2022).
  • October 2022 (Revised June 2025)
  • Case

Lyra Health: Transforming Mental Health

By: Rembrand Koning and Nicole Keller
In January 2022, Lyra Health was deciding between several different alternatives to grow the business. Founded in 2015, Lyra Health was a digital mental health platform that combined technology with human therapists and coaches to deliver high quality mental health... View Details
Keywords: Mental Health; Health Care and Treatment; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Customer Value and Value Chain; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Health Industry; Technology Industry; San Francisco
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Koning, Rembrand, and Nicole Keller. "Lyra Health: Transforming Mental Health." Harvard Business School Case 723-365, October 2022. (Revised June 2025.)
  • September 2016 (Revised March 2020)
  • Teaching Note

Fasten: Challenging Uber and Lyft with a New Business Model

By: Feng Zhu
Fasten, a new ridesharing start-up in Boston, entered the scene in September 2015 hoping its unique vision of transparency for both driver and passenger and strategy to keep riders' fares low and charge drivers a flat $0.99 fee per ride, as opposed to the 20%–30%... View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Transportation; Business Startups; Business Model; Transportation Industry; Boston
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Zhu, Feng. "Fasten: Challenging Uber and Lyft with a New Business Model." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 617-019, September 2016. (Revised March 2020.)
  • 13 Jul 2016
  • HBS Case

How Uber, Airbnb, and Etsy Attracted Their First 1,000 Customers

One Million Customers, and is currently working on a third entry in the trilogy that will examine how a platform can go from one million to many millions of customers. In each case the strategies are... View Details
Keywords: by Michael Blanding; Retail; Service; Transportation
  • 05 Apr 2011
  • First Look

First Look: April 5

helps explain why platforms offering a restricted number of candidates can coexist alongside those offering a larger number of candidates, while charging higher prices. Download the paper: http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/10-098.pdf View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • August 2024 (Revised November 2024)
  • Case

Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?

By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli, Sabrina T. Howell and Karina Souza
In April 2021, Brazilian cryptocurrency platform Mercado Bitcoin had to decide how to scale: go public, M&A with a bank, or take a VC big check. In a highly volatile market, Roberto Dagnoni, chairman of the board, viewed the unprecedent crypto momentum as a window of... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Decision Making; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Strategic Planning; Venture Capital; Problems and Challenges; Business Cycles; Digital Platforms; Emerging Markets; Market Timing; Expansion; Diversification; Valuation; Value Creation; Investment Funds; Initial Public Offering; Price; Price Bubble; Negotiation Offer; Financial Liquidity; Information Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Latin America; South America; Brazil; Sao Paulo; United States
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Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, Sabrina T. Howell, and Karina Souza. "Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?" Harvard Business School Case 825-047, August 2024. (Revised November 2024.)
  • June 2025 (Revised July 2025)
  • Case

Full-Funnel Advertising on TikTok

By: Jeremy Yang, Ayelet Israeli and Alexis Lefort
In 2025 TikTok is working to grow its brand and performance advertising business, along with a new integrated full-funnel solution. As an emerging media platform with unique ad formats and user behavior in a privacy-first environment, TikTok faces both significant... View Details
Keywords: Social Media; Growth and Development Strategy; Advertising; Brands and Branding; Digital Marketing; Measurement and Metrics
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Yang, Jeremy, Ayelet Israeli, and Alexis Lefort. "Full-Funnel Advertising on TikTok." Harvard Business School Case 525-065, June 2025. (Revised July 2025.)
  • January 2025
  • Case

Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle

By: Victoria Ivashina and Srimayi Mylavarapu
Arsenal Capital Partners’ portfolio company, Pinnacle, a leading producer of high-performance adhesive technologies, has experienced rapid growth under Arsenal’s ownership. Over just two years, Pinnacle's EBITDA increased from $13.5 million to $60 million. By mid-2021,... View Details
Keywords: Business Exit or Shutdown; Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Financing and Loans; Growth Management
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Ivashina, Victoria, and Srimayi Mylavarapu. "Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle." Harvard Business School Case 225-075, January 2025.
  • 2017
  • Working Paper

Cluster Mapping as a Tool for Development

By: Christian H.M. Ketels
This report builds on the foundational work on cluster mapping that Prof. Michael E. Porter has led at the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness (ISC), Harvard Business School over the last two decades. He launched the U.S. Cluster Mapping Initiative in the late... View Details
Keywords: Industry Clusters; Development Economics
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Ketels, Christian H.M. "Cluster Mapping as a Tool for Development." Working Paper, June 2017.
  • March 2025 (Revised April 2025)
  • Case

Perplexity: Redefining Search

By: Suraj Srinivasan, Michelle Hu, Sriraghav Srinivasan and Radhika Kak
By early 2025, Perplexity had rapidly evolved from a modest startup into a popular "answer engine" valued at $9 billion. The company had boldly positioned itself as the disruptor to Google aiming to redefine search for the AI age. Through novel AI... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Venture Capital; Innovation Leadership; Technological Innovation; Internet and the Web; Business Startups; Competitive Strategy; Business Model; Technology Industry; United States
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Srinivasan, Suraj, Michelle Hu, Sriraghav Srinivasan, and Radhika Kak. "Perplexity: Redefining Search." Harvard Business School Case 125-093, March 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
  • June 2022
  • Case

Zalando: Becoming the Starting Point for Fashion

By: Antonio Moreno, Leela Nageswaran, Emilie Billaud and Federica Gabrieli
Born in 2008 as a small startup selling flip flops, by mid-2021 Zalando had turned into an online fashion company with an assortment of more than 4,500 international brands, 45 million active customers, and a presence in 23 European markets. An essential component in... View Details
Keywords: Transition; Customer Value and Value Chain; Digital Platforms; Distribution; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Infrastructure; Logistics; Service Operations; Strategy; Business Strategy; Fashion Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Distribution Industry; Retail Industry; Service Industry; Shipping Industry; Technology Industry; Europe
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Moreno, Antonio, Leela Nageswaran, Emilie Billaud, and Federica Gabrieli. "Zalando: Becoming the Starting Point for Fashion." Harvard Business School Case 622-070, June 2022.
  • May 2011 (Revised January 2013)
  • Case

Nike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa

By: Elie Ofek and Ryan Johnson
Nike's Football division needs to devise a strategy to excel at the 2010 World Cup games in South Africa. Nike has gone from a niche player in the market for football apparel and footwear in 1994 to a formidable competitor to Adidas in 2008 (with revenues of over $1... View Details
Keywords: Digital Marketing; Business Divisions; Communication; Brands and Branding; Marketing Channels; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Planning; Competition; Apparel and Accessories Industry; South Africa
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Ofek, Elie, and Ryan Johnson. "Nike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa." Harvard Business School Case 511-060, May 2011. (Revised January 2013.)
  • March 2020
  • Case

Thingtesting: Launching a Brand Discovery and Testing Digital Community

By: Ayelet Israeli and Jill Avery
Thingtesting, a brand discovery and testing digital community devoted to uncovering and exploring direct-to-consumer brands, had just received seed funding and was contemplating a second year of growth. The new year brought many challenges, as founder Jenny Gyllander... View Details
Keywords: Influencer Marketing; Monetization; Female Ceo; Female Entrepreneur; Female Protagonist; Influencers; Influencer; Direct-to-consumer; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship; Marketing Communications; Consumer Products Industry; Financial Services Industry; Advertising Industry; London; United Kingdom; United States; Europe; North America
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Israeli, Ayelet, and Jill Avery. "Thingtesting: Launching a Brand Discovery and Testing Digital Community." Harvard Business School Case 520-086, March 2020.
  • November 2024
  • Teaching Note

Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?

By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli and Sabrina Howell
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 825-047. In April 2021, Brazilian cryptocurrency platform Mercado Bitcoin, had to decide how to scale: go public, M&A with a bank, or take a VC big check. In a highly volatile market, Roberto Dagnoni, chairman of the board, viewed the... View Details
Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Decision Making; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Strategic Planning; Venture Capital; Problems and Challenges; Business Cycles; Digital Platforms; Emerging Markets; Market Timing; Expansion; Diversification; Valuation; Value Creation; Investment Funds; Initial Public Offering; Price; Price Bubble; Negotiation Offer; Information Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, and Sabrina Howell. "Mercado Bitcoin: M&A, IPO, or Series B?" Harvard Business School Teaching Note 825-092, November 2024.
  • 21 Jan 2020
  • Research & Ideas

Lessons for Retailers from the Rebirth of Indie Bookstores

commerce, and civic organizations, reinforcing the social fabric and engendering a strong sense of customer and community loyalty. Curation: Despite the increasing sophistication of online algorithms, online platforms have been unable to... View Details
Keywords: by Michael Blanding; Entertainment & Recreation
  • May 2008 (Revised March 2010)
  • Supplement

Palm (D): Epilogue as of 2008

By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Kevin Boudreau and Jordan Mitchell
This case series looks at three important inflection points in Palm's history that relate to decisions about its platform: when the company was debating whether to open its operating system (OS) for licensing to third-party hardware manufacturers; 2001, when the... View Details
Keywords: History; Decisions; Business Model; Technological Innovation; Value Creation; Digital Platforms; Rights; Competition
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Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Kevin Boudreau, and Jordan Mitchell. "Palm (D): Epilogue as of 2008." Harvard Business School Supplement 708-517, May 2008. (Revised March 2010.)
  • February 2017
  • Case

Aston Martin: A Second Century of Performance and Luxury

By: Vish V. Krishnan, Karim R. Lakhani and Amram Migdal
Following the March 2016 launch of DB11, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd.’s first new sports car platform in over a decade, this case discusses the future strategy of the famed British luxury auto manufacturer. Since its founding in 1902, Aston Martin has been characterized... View Details
Keywords: Luxury; Auto Brand; Luxury Auto; Growth; Innovation; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Operations; Product Design; Product Development; Production; Innovation and Invention; Transportation; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Change; Transformation; Management; Marketing; Auto Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; England
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Krishnan, Vish V., Karim R. Lakhani, and Amram Migdal. "Aston Martin: A Second Century of Performance and Luxury." Harvard Business School Case 617-033, February 2017.
  • 16 Nov 2016
  • Research & Ideas

Turning One Thousand Customers into One Million

First 1,000 Customers, we explored how these two-sided platforms got their start and attracted a significant number of early adopters based on a Harvard Business School case that professor Teixeira wrote with Morgan Brown. “Airbnb... View Details
Keywords: by Thales S. Teixeira and Michael Blanding; Retail; Transportation; Accommodations
  • December 2019
  • Case

Steemit: A New Social Media?

By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Alexander White and Karen Elterman
This case discusses the alternative social media site Steemit, including the principles it was founded on in 2016 and the challenges it faced in 2019. Steemit was a blockchain-based platform that aimed to differentiate itself from other social media companies by... View Details
Keywords: Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Economic Systems; Money; Fairness; Values and Beliefs; Goals and Objectives; Digital Platforms; Product Design; Design; Problems and Challenges; Network Effects; Motivation and Incentives; Social and Collaborative Networks; Reputation; Business Strategy; Competition; Internet and the Web; Social Media; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States; Virginia; New York (city, NY)
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Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Alexander White, and Karen Elterman. "Steemit: A New Social Media?" Harvard Business School Case 720-428, December 2019.
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