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      • December 2002 (Revised February 2003)
      • Case

      Broken Trust: Role of Professionals in the Enron Debacle

      By: Ashish Nanda
      Discusses the role of professionals in the Enron debacle. Argues that professionals failed to prevent or predict Enron's collapse because of the conflicts of interest they faced. Concludes with observations on management and regulation of conflicts of interest facing... View Details
      Keywords: Conflict of Interests; Trust; Management Teams; Energy Industry
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      Nanda, Ashish. "Broken Trust: Role of Professionals in the Enron Debacle." Harvard Business School Case 903-084, December 2002. (Revised February 2003.)
      • November 2002 (Revised March 2010)
      • Case

      The Newsprint Industry

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Nabil I. Al-Najjar and James Pyke
      Describes the 1990s consolidation on the newsprint industry. Questions whether consolidation will ever deliver on its promise. Whereas some industry observers maintain that the effects of consolidation are already visible, others argue that further consolidation is... View Details
      Keywords: Five Forces Framework; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Monopoly; Mathematical Methods; Competition; Consolidation; Pulp and Paper Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Nabil I. Al-Najjar, and James Pyke. "The Newsprint Industry." Harvard Business School Case 703-404, November 2002. (Revised March 2010.)
      • October 2002
      • Supplement

      NerveWire: A Tale of Two Executives

      By: Nitin Nohria
      A series of five segments that include NerveWire, Inc., A Day in the Life of Malcolm Frank, A Day in the Life of Kirk Arnold, Employee Observations of Malcolm and Kirk, and Malcolm and Kirk Discuss Co-Leadership. View Details
      Keywords: Employees; Leadership; Organizations; Performance Evaluation; Behavior
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      Nohria, Nitin. "NerveWire: A Tale of Two Executives." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 403-806, October 2002.
      • December 2001 (Revised April 2002)
      • Case

      Synthes

      By: John T. Gourville
      Synthes is the recognized leader in the U.S. orthopedic implant market, with a 50% market share in the metallic plates, rods, and screws used to fix severe bone fractures. Synthes' marketplace strength lies in the strength of its sales force and in the quality and... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Risk Management; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Market Entry and Exit; Product Development; Problems and Challenges; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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      Gourville, John T. "Synthes." Harvard Business School Case 502-008, December 2001. (Revised April 2002.)
      • October 2001 (Revised November 2017)
      • Case

      Japan: The Miracle Years

      By: Louis T. Wells
      Japan experienced rapid growth in the 1950s and 1960s while following a set of policies that differ from current policies in fashion. Although some observers believe that Japanese growth occurred in spite of the policies rather than because of them, several countries... View Details
      Keywords: History; Policy; Economic Growth; Business and Government Relations; Growth and Development Strategy; Japan
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      Wells, Louis T. "Japan: The Miracle Years." Harvard Business School Case 702-014, October 2001. (Revised November 2017.)
      • August 2001
      • Background Note

      Work Methods Design: Note on Time Standards

      By: H. Kent Bowen
      Looks at production design. Helps students observe and work with procedures and consider cost reduction ideas using a view of methods improvement. View Details
      Keywords: Cost Management; Management Practices and Processes; Standards; Production; Performance Improvement; Perspective
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      Bowen, H. Kent. "Work Methods Design: Note on Time Standards." Harvard Business School Background Note 602-066, August 2001.
      • 2001
      • Article

      The Economic Contribution of Information Technology: Towards Comparative and User Studies

      By: Timothy F. Bresnahan and Shane Greenstein
      By what process does technical change in information technology (IT) increase economic welfare? How does this process result in increases in welfare at different rates in different countries and regions? This paper considers existing literature on measuring the... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Welfare; Information Technology; Measurement and Metrics
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      Bresnahan, Timothy F., and Shane Greenstein. "The Economic Contribution of Information Technology: Towards Comparative and User Studies." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 11 (2001): 95–118.
      • 2000
      • Other Article

      Understanding the Drivers of National Innovative Capacity

      By: Jeffrey L. Furman, Michael E. Porter and Scott Stern
      Motivated by R&D productivity differences across countries, we evaluate the determinants of country-level international patenting. Our framework is built on the concept of national innovative capacity. Our results suggest that (a) patenting is well-characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Growth and Development
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      Furman, Jeffrey L., Michael E. Porter, and Scott Stern. "Understanding the Drivers of National Innovative Capacity." Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings (2000).
      • December 1999
      • Article

      Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity during Downsizing

      By: T. M. Amabile and Regina Conti
      This study examined the work environment for creativity at a large high-technology firm before, during, and after a major downsizing. Creativity and most creativity-supporting aspects of the perceived work environment declined significantly during the downsizing but... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Situation or Environment; Creativity; Resignation and Termination; Employees; Business or Company Management; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Crisis Management; Groups and Teams; Communication; Announcements; Interpersonal Communication
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      Amabile, T. M., and Regina Conti. "Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity during Downsizing." Academy of Management Journal 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 630–640.
      • February 1999 (Revised October 2009)
      • Case

      Royal Dutch/Shell in Nigeria (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Mihnea C. Moldoveanu
      Working with Shell's country manager for Nigeria, the company's Committee of Managing Directors must decide how to respond to the Nigerian government's decision to impose the death sentence on Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of a movement for the rights of the... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Multinational Firms and Management; Courts and Trials; Rights; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Government Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Nigeria
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Mihnea C. Moldoveanu. "Royal Dutch/Shell in Nigeria (A)." Harvard Business School Case 399-126, February 1999. (Revised October 2009.)
      • September–October 1998
      • Article

      How to Kill Creativity

      By: T. M. Amabile
      The article addresses the topic of business creativity, its benefits, and how managers can inspire it. The author's research shows that it is possible to develop the best of both worlds: organizations in which business imperatives are attended to and creativity... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Situation or Environment; Motivation and Incentives; Organizational Culture; Management Practices and Processes
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      Amabile, T. M. "How to Kill Creativity." Harvard Business Review 76, no. 5 (September–October 1998): 76–87.
      • 1998
      • Journal Article

      Ford's Model-T: Pricing over the Product Life Cycle

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell
      The pricing decisions monopolistic firms make over time are determined to a large extent by the complex interplay of two distinct sets of elements: demand- and supply-based considerations. Demand factors include the possibilities of (a) exercising dynamic price... View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Cost; Price; Information; Demand and Consumers; Monopoly; Product; Sales; Complexity; Auto Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon. "Ford's Model-T: Pricing over the Product Life Cycle." Abante: Estudios en dirección de empresas 1, no. 2 (1998): 143–65.
      • 1998
      • Article

      Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity: Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance

      By: J. Ruscio, D. M. Whitney and T. M. Amabile
      This study set out to identify specific task behaviors that predict observable product creativity in three domains and to identify which of those behaviors mediate the well-established link between intrinsic motivation and creativity. One-hundred fifty-one... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Cognition and Thinking; Behavior
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      Ruscio, J., D. M. Whitney, and T. M. Amabile. "Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity: Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance." Creativity Research Journal 11, no. 3 (1998): 243–263.
      • 1994
      • Working Paper

      Nonseparability, Sampling, and the Observation of Multidimensional Systems

      By: M. C. Moldoveanu, J. W. Pratt and H. Stevenson
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      Moldoveanu, M. C., J. W. Pratt, and H. Stevenson. "Nonseparability, Sampling, and the Observation of Multidimensional Systems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 94-004, June 1994.
      • February 1994
      • Background Note

      Causal Inference

      By: Arthur Schleifer Jr.
      Discusses what causation is and what one can (and cannot) learn about causation from observational (nonexperimental) data. View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Analytics and Data Science; Interests
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      Schleifer, Arthur, Jr. "Causal Inference." Harvard Business School Background Note 894-032, February 1994.
      • Article

      Commitments with Third Parties

      By: Jerry R. Green
      Observable irrevocable contracts between a principal and an agent have been suggested as a way in which the principal can enhance his payoff when playing a game against, or bargaining with, an opponent. It is shown that such beneficial agency relationships depend on... View Details
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      Green, Jerry R. "Commitments with Third Parties." Annales d'économie et de statistique, nos. 25-26 (January–June 1992): 81–95.
      • Article

      Renegotiation and the Form of Efficient Contracts

      By: Jerry R. Green and J. J. Laffont
      Two parties may agree to a mutually binding contract that will govern their behavior after an uncertain event becomes known. As there is no agent who can both observe this uncertain outcome and enforce the contract, contingent agreements are precluded. However, the... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Contracts
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      Green, Jerry R., and J. J. Laffont. "Renegotiation and the Form of Efficient Contracts." Annales d'économie et de statistique, nos. 25-26 (January–June 1992): 123–150.
      • 1991
      • Chapter

      To See Ourselves as Others See Us: The Rewards of Classroom Observation

      By: J. E. Austin, A. Sweet and C. Overholt
      Keywords: Perception; Education
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      Austin, J. E., A. Sweet, and C. Overholt. "To See Ourselves as Others See Us: The Rewards of Classroom Observation." In Education for Judgment: The Artistry of Discussion Leadership, edited by C. R. Christensen, David A. Garvin, and A. Sweet. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.
      • September 1990
      • Article

      Competition on Many Fronts: A Stackelberg Signaling Equilibrium

      By: Jerry R. Green and Jean-Jacques Laffont
      An economic agent, the incumbent, is operating in many environments at the same time. These may be locations, markets, or specific activities. He is informed of the particular conditions relevant to each situation. His action in each case is observable by another... View Details
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      Green, Jerry R., and Jean-Jacques Laffont. "Competition on Many Fronts: A Stackelberg Signaling Equilibrium." Games and Economic Behavior 2, no. 3 (September 1990): 247–272.
      • May 1990 (Revised September 1994)
      • Background Note

      Note on Financial Reporting Strategy and Analysis When Managers Have Proprietary Information

      By: Krishna G. Palepu
      Provides a framework that helps explain these real-world observations about accounting and financial statement analysis. When managers have superior information on firms' strategies, and when investors suspect that managers have incentives not to fully disclose this... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Reporting; Strategy; Knowledge Management
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      Palepu, Krishna G. "Note on Financial Reporting Strategy and Analysis When Managers Have Proprietary Information." Harvard Business School Background Note 190-188, May 1990. (Revised September 1994.)
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