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      • May 2021 (Revised August 2021)
      • Case

      Melissa Wood Health: How to Win in the Creator Economy

      By: Eva Ascarza
      In October 2020, Melissa Wood-Tepperberg, founder of the digital subscription wellness platform Melissa Wood Health (MWH) and creator of ‘The MWH Method,’ was evaluating the strategic directions of her company. What had started as a way to share workouts and wellness... View Details
      Keywords: Lifestyle Brand; Brands and Branding; Strategy; Partners and Partnerships; Negotiation
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      Ascarza, Eva. "Melissa Wood Health: How to Win in the Creator Economy." Harvard Business School Case 521-086, May 2021. (Revised August 2021.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Being the Boss: Gig Workers' Value of Flexible Work

      By: Laura Katsnelson and Felix Oberholzer-Gee
      Workers who join the gig economy face a challenging trade-off. Gig work provides worktime flexibility and a sense of being one’s own boss, but gig workers forgo certain protections that employees enjoy. In this paper, we study the work patterns of a large sample of... View Details
      Keywords: Gig Workers; Flexible Work Arrangements; Worker Welfare; Labor; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Katsnelson, Laura, and Felix Oberholzer-Gee. "Being the Boss: Gig Workers' Value of Flexible Work." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-124, May 2021.
      • May 2021
      • Teaching Note

      From Globalization to Dual Digital Transformation: CEO Thierry Breton Leading Atos Into 'Digital Shockwaves'

      By: Tsedal Neeley
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 419-027 and 419-046. Thierry Breton, chairman and CEO of IT company Atos, faces a pivotal juncture. After spending eight intense years scaling the company globally to over 100,000 employees in 70 countries, he sees digital shockwaves... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Transformation; Strategy; Disruption; Employees; Competency and Skills; Training; Organizational Culture; Digital Transformation; Information Technology Industry
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      Neeley, Tsedal. "From Globalization to Dual Digital Transformation: CEO Thierry Breton Leading Atos Into 'Digital Shockwaves'." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 421-096, May 2021.
      • May 2021 (Revised August 2021)
      • Supplement

      Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations

      By: Antonio Moreno and Anibha Singh
      As Migros, one of Turkey’s largest grocery chains, forays into online groceries, the company faces operational challenges related to inventory management, fulfillment and last mile delivery and strategics questions related to growing in an ecosystem with rapidly... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Internet and the Web; Growth and Development Strategy; Operations; Management; Competitive Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Turkey
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      Moreno, Antonio, and Anibha Singh. "Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 621-711, May 2021. (Revised August 2021.)
      • May 2021 (Revised February 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations

      By: Antonio Moreno and Anibha Singh
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 621-026, 621-027, and 621-062. As Migros, one of Turkey’s largest grocery chains, forays into online groceries, the company faces operational challenges related to inventory management, fulfillment and last mile delivery and strategics... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Internet and the Web; Growth and Development Strategy; Operations; Management; Competitive Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Turkey
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      Moreno, Antonio, and Anibha Singh. "Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 621-121, May 2021. (Revised February 2025.)
      • May 2021 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      Colombia: An Economic Premium to Peace?

      By: Richard Vietor
      Colombia, once the fastest growing country in Latin America, continues to struggle with productivity. Both labor productivity and total factor productivity have been low for the past decade, despite economic growth of 4.7% annually. Many factors contribute, which... View Details
      Keywords: Productivity; Productivity Growth; Conflict; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market; Competitiveness; Dutch Disease; Security; Peace; Informality; Labor Laws; Total Factor Productivity; Labor Productivity; COVID-19 Pandemic; Economics; Development Economics; Economic Growth; Economy; Macroeconomics; Conflict Management; Competitive Advantage; Infrastructure; Negotiation; Inflation and Deflation; Non-Renewable Energy; National Security; Government Administration; Latin America; Central America; Colombia; South America
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      Vietor, Richard. "Colombia: An Economic Premium to Peace?" Harvard Business School Case 721-053, May 2021. (Revised November 2024.)
      • May 2021
      • Case

      Endeavor Kenya: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Shikhar Ghosh and Christian Godwin
      In 2016, Fiona Mungai became Endeavor Kenya’s first managing director. In this role, she helped the organization build its inaugural board and select its first Endeavor entrepreneur, a fintech company called Cellulant. Throughout this process, Mungai observed the power... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Entrepreneurship; Human Resources; Leadership; Leading Change; Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Negotiation; Economy; Markets; Emerging Markets; Network Effects; Relationships; Strategy; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Shipping Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Africa; Kenya
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Shikhar Ghosh, and Christian Godwin. "Endeavor Kenya: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem." Harvard Business School Case 821-038, May 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Going by the Book: Valuation Ratios and Stock Returns

      By: Ki-Soon Choi, Eric So and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We study the use of firms’ book-to-market ratios (B/M) in value investing and its implications for comovements in firms’ stock returns and trading volumes. We show B/M has become increasingly detached from common alternative valuation ratios over time while also... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation Ratios; Book-to-market Ratios; Investment Return; Investment; Decision Making
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      Choi, Ki-Soon, Eric So, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Going by the Book: Valuation Ratios and Stock Returns." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-126, May 2021.
      • Article

      Joy and Rigor in Behavioral Science

      By: Hanne K. Collins, Ashley V. Whillans and Leslie K. John
      In the past decade, behavioral science has seen the introduction of beneficial reforms to reduce false positive results. Serving as the motivational backdrop for the present research, we wondered whether these reforms might have unintended negative consequences on... View Details
      Keywords: Open Science; Pre-registration; Exploration; Confirmation; False Positives; Career Satisfaction; Science; Research; Personal Development and Career; Satisfaction; Diversity
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      Collins, Hanne K., Ashley V. Whillans, and Leslie K. John. "Joy and Rigor in Behavioral Science." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 164 (May 2021): 179–191.
      • May 2021
      • Article

      Preparing for a Pandemic: Accelerating Vaccine Availability

      By: Amrita Ahuja, Susan Athey, Arthur Baker, Eric Budish, Juan Camilo Castillo, Rachel Glennerster, Scott Duke Kominers, Michael Kremer, Jean Lee, Canice Prendergast, Christopher M. Snyder, Alex Tabarrok, Brandon Joel Tan and Witold Wiecek
      Vaccinating the world’s population quickly in a pandemic has enormous health and economic benefits. We analyze the problem faced by governments in determining the scale and structure of procurement for vaccines. We analyze alternative approaches to procurement, arguing... View Details
      Keywords: Vaccines; Procurement; Health Pandemics; Health Care and Treatment; Acquisition; Cooperation
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      Ahuja, Amrita, Susan Athey, Arthur Baker, Eric Budish, Juan Camilo Castillo, Rachel Glennerster, Scott Duke Kominers, Michael Kremer, Jean Lee, Canice Prendergast, Christopher M. Snyder, Alex Tabarrok, Brandon Joel Tan, and Witold Wiecek. "Preparing for a Pandemic: Accelerating Vaccine Availability." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 2021): 331–335.
      • April 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Balancing Act: Deborah Lovich (A)

      By: David G. Fubini and Patrick Sanguineti
      Deborah Lovich, Partner at the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), has been given the opportunity of a lifetime: to join the firm's Executive Committee as its youngest member and only current woman, as well as just the second woman in its history. Encouraged by her mentors,... View Details
      Keywords: Work/life Balance; Work/family Balance; Work-Life Balance; Family and Family Relationships; Personal Development and Career
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      Fubini, David G., and Patrick Sanguineti. "Balancing Act: Deborah Lovich (A)." Harvard Business School Case 421-060, April 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • April 2021 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations

      By: Sophus A. Reinert and Cary Williams
      The birth of “Modern Economic Growth” constituted a watershed in human history, allowing societies to escape the Malthusian impasse and permanently raise living standards. While the new growth regime had lifted billions of people out of extreme poverty over the last... View Details
      Keywords: Reparations; Living Standards; Poverty; Social Issues; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; Globalized Economies and Regions; Human Needs
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      Reinert, Sophus A., and Cary Williams. "Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations." Harvard Business School Case 721-044, April 2021. (Revised December 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Book

      Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy

      By: C. Fritz Foley, James R. Hines Jr. and David Wessel
      Globalization and multinational corporations have long seemed partners in the enterprise of economic growth: globalization-led prosperity was the goal, and giant corporations spanning the globe would help achieve it. In recent years, however, the notion that all... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Globalization; Economy; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; Employment; Policy
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      Foley, C. Fritz, James R. Hines Jr., and David Wessel, eds. Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy. Brookings Institution Press, 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Case

      P.F. Chang's

      By: Ashish Nanda, Nitin Nohria and Margaret Cross
      Excited yet apprehensive after being named CEO of P.F. Chang’s beginning July 1st, 2020, Damola Adamolekun was well aware of the extraordinary challenges facing the firm. The closure of businesses deemed “nonessential” owing to the COVID-19 pandemic had devastated the... View Details
      Keywords: Restaurants; COVID-19 Pandemic; Scenario Planning; Scenarios; Health Pandemics; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategy
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      Nanda, Ashish, Nitin Nohria, and Margaret Cross. "P.F. Chang's." Harvard Business School Case 721-380, March 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China

      By: Meg Rithmire and Hao Chen
      A large literature on state-business relations in China has examined the political role of capitalists and collusion between the state and the private sector. This paper contributes to that literature, and our understanding of the internal differentiation among China’s... View Details
      Keywords: China's Political Economy; State-business Relations; Business Groups; Financial Systems; Economy; Government and Politics; Business and Government Relations; Finance; System; China
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      Rithmire, Meg, and Hao Chen. "The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-098, March 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Time Dependency, Data Flow, and Competitive Advantage

      By: Ehsan Valavi, Joel Hestness, Marco Iansiti, Newsha Ardalani, Feng Zhu and Karim R. Lakhani
      Data is fundamental to machine learning-based products and services and is considered strategic due to its externalities for businesses, governments, non-profits, and more generally for society. It is renowned that the value of organizations (businesses, government... View Details
      Keywords: Economics Of AI; Value Of Data; Perishability; Time Dependency; Flow Of Data; Data Strategy; Analytics and Data Science; Value; Strategy; Competitive Advantage
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      Valavi, Ehsan, Joel Hestness, Marco Iansiti, Newsha Ardalani, Feng Zhu, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Time Dependency, Data Flow, and Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-099, March 2021.
      • March 2021 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)

      By: Shawn A. Cole, John Masko and T. Robert Zochowski
      In 2017, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) faced the first big investment decision in its new Scaling Solar project. Founded in 1956, IFC was an international investment body with national governments as shareholders, whose mission was to promote economic... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Equity; Bonds; Financing and Loans; Growth and Development; Emerging Markets; Non-Governmental Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Investment; Decision Making; Financial Services Industry; Energy Industry; Zambia
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      Cole, Shawn A., John Masko, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)." Harvard Business School Case 221-061, March 2021. (Revised April 2021.)
      • March 2021
      • Supplement

      Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (B)

      By: Shawn A. Cole, John Masko and T. Robert Zochowski
      In 2018, Thailand’s Bank of Ayudhya (known as Krungsri), was considering whether to participate in the first issue of a new financial instrument from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), known as a gender bond. Building on the success of the Green Bond program... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investment; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Equity; Bonds; Financing and Loans; Growth and Development; Emerging Markets; Non-Governmental Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Instruments; Gender; Financial Services Industry; Thailand
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      Cole, Shawn A., John Masko, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 221-081, March 2021.
      • March 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Scale and Scope at Drake Real Estate Partners

      By: Christina R. Wing and David Lane
      Realizing in early 2021 that their pending real estate investment fund would likely be oversubscribed, Drake Real Estate Partners co-founders Nicolás Ibáñez and David Cotterman were considering how best to continue to diversify their investor base and how to optimize... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Family Business; Investment; Ownership; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; Real Estate Industry; United States; Latin America; Chile
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      Wing, Christina R., and David Lane. "Scale and Scope at Drake Real Estate Partners." Harvard Business School Case 621-065, March 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • March 2021 (Revised November 2022)
      • Case

      Blue Meridian Partners (A): Scaling for Impact

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan
      In 2018, Edna McConnell Clark Foundation in a bold move transferred all its assets to a fund pooled with other General Partners and Limited Partners, called Blue Meridian Partners, to focus substantial long range investments in a few carefully chosen nonprofits.The... View Details
      Keywords: Venture Philanthropy; Scaling; COVID-19 Pandemic; Social Justice; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Venture Capital; Business Model; Social Issues; Poverty; Values and Beliefs; Decisions; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Nonprofit Organizations; Investment Portfolio
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi. "Blue Meridian Partners (A): Scaling for Impact." Harvard Business School Case 521-090, March 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
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