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      • Faculty Publications  (532)

      Perceptions Of InequalityRemove Perceptions Of Inequality →

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      • January–February 2025
      • Article

      Why People Resist Embracing AI

      By: Julian De Freitas
      The success of AI depends not only on its capabilities, which are becoming more advanced each day, but on people’s willingness to harness them. Unfortunately, many people view AI negatively, fearing it will cause job losses, increase the likelihood that their personal... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Technology Adoption; Perception
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      De Freitas, Julian. "Why People Resist Embracing AI." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 1 (January–February 2025): 52–56.
      • January–February 2025
      • Article

      Why People Resist Embracing AI: The Five Main Obstacles—and How To Overcome Them

      By: Julian De Freitas
      The success of AI depends not only on its capabilities, which are becoming more advanced each day, but on people’s willingness to harness them. Unfortunately, many people view AI negatively, fearing it will cause job losses, increase the likelihood that their personal... View Details
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      De Freitas, Julian. "Why People Resist Embracing AI: The Five Main Obstacles—and How To Overcome Them." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 1 (January–February 2025).
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Demond Martin and WellWithAll

      By: Hise Gibson, Archie L. Jones and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      This case study chronicles the transformative entrepreneurial path of Demond Martin, co-founder and CEO of WellWithAll, a health and wellness startup. Motivated by a pivotal life experience and deep concern for racial health inequities, Martin transitions from a... View Details
      Keywords: Customers; Diversity; Ethnicity; Race; Health; Recruitment; Leadership Style; Management Style; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Relationships; Trust; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Investment; Business Startups; Transition; Entrepreneurship; Equality and Inequality; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry; Health Industry; United States; Chicago; Boston; Atlanta; North Carolina; District of Columbia
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      Gibson, Hise, Archie L. Jones, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Demond Martin and WellWithAll." Harvard Business School Case 625-041, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Risk

      By: Daniel Barth, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane and Adi Sunderam
      Since 2013, large U.S. hedge fund advisers have been required to report risk exposures in their regulatory filings. Using these data, we first establish that managers’ perceptions of risk contain useful information that is not embedded in fund returns. Investor flows... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Disclosure; Investment Funds; Risk and Uncertainty; Investment Return; Communication Strategy; Financial Services Industry
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      Barth, Daniel, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane, and Adi Sunderam. "Hidden Risk." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?

      By: Paula Rettl, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado
      The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash... View Details
      Keywords: Gender Bias; Gender Equality; Gender Inclusivity; Politics; Political Backlash; Political Culture; Conservatism; Gender; Government and Politics; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Labor
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      Rettl, Paula, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi, and Sergi Pardos-Prado. "A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-022, November 2024.
      • November–December 2024
      • Article

      Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups

      By: Aneesh Rai, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios and Katherine L. Milkman
      Why do some homogeneous groups face backlash for lacking diversity, whereas others escape censure? We show that a homogeneous group’s size changes how it is perceived and whether decision makers pursue greater diversity in its ranks. We theorize that people make... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Perception; Decision Making; Groups and Teams; Selection and Staffing; Size
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      Rai, Aneesh, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups." Organization Science 35, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 1990–2015.
      • November 2024
      • Article

      Perceptions About Monetary Policy

      By: Michael D. Bauer, Carolin Pflueger and Adi Sunderam
      We estimate perceptions about the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy rule from panel data on professional forecasts of interest rates and macroeconomic conditions. The perceived dependence of the federal funds rate on economic conditions varies substantially over time,... View Details
      Keywords: Monetary Policy; Policy; Interest Rates; Perception; Economy; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Bauer, Michael D., Carolin Pflueger, and Adi Sunderam. "Perceptions About Monetary Policy." Quarterly Journal of Economics 139, no. 4 (November 2024): 2227–2278.
      • Fall 2024
      • Article

      The Problem of Good Conduct Among Financial Advisers

      By: Mark Egan, Gregor Matvos and Amit Seru
      Households in the United States often rely on financial advisers for investment and savings decisions, yet there is a widespread perception that many advisers are dishonest. This distrust is not unwarranted: approximately one in fifteen advisers has a history of... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Finance; Behavioral Finance; Trust; Financial Services Industry
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      Egan, Mark, Gregor Matvos, and Amit Seru. "The Problem of Good Conduct Among Financial Advisers." Journal of Economic Perspectives 38, no. 4 (Fall 2024): 193–210.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Lessons from an App Update at Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity in Human-AI Relationships

      By: Julian De Freitas, Noah Castelo, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp and Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp
      As consumers increasingly interact with AI applications specialized for social relationships, what is the nature and depth of these relationships among actual users, and can company actions influence these dynamics? We find that active users of the US-based AI... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Welfare; Loss; Well-being; Identity; Perception; Relationships
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      De Freitas, Julian, Noah Castelo, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, and Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp. "Lessons from an App Update at Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity in Human-AI Relationships." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-018, October 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI

      By: Nicholas G. Otis, Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney and Rembrand Koning
      Generative AI has the potential to transform productivity and reduce inequality, but only if adopted broadly. In this paper, we show that recently identified gender gaps in generative AI use are nearly universal. Synthesizing data from 18 studies covering more than... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Technology Adoption; Behavior
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      Otis, Nicholas G., Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney, and Rembrand Koning. "Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-023, October 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • October 2024
      • Article

      Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective

      By: Sanaz Mobasseri, William A. Kahn and Robin J. Ely
      This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. organizations and to inform an approach for disrupting it. We treat White men as the dominant group and Black people as the archetypal subordinate group... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Organizational Culture; Gender; Power and Influence; Employees; Attitudes
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      Mobasseri, Sanaz, William A. Kahn, and Robin J. Ely. "Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective." Academy of Management Review 49, no. 4 (October 2024): 718–745.
      • Fall, 2024
      • Article

      Sixty Years of the Voting Rights Act: Progress and Pitfalls

      By: Andrea Bernini, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini and Cecilia Testa
      We review the literature on the effects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA), which removed formal restrictions to Black political participation. After a brief description of racial discrimination suffered by Black Americans since Reconstruction, we introduce the goals... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Equality and Inequality; Race; Political Elections; Voting; Policy; Outcome or Result; Government Legislation
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      Bernini, Andrea, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini, and Cecilia Testa. "Sixty Years of the Voting Rights Act: Progress and Pitfalls." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 40, no. 3 (Fall, 2024): 486–497.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Changing Perceptions and Post-Pandemic Monetary Policy

      By: Michael D. Bauer, Carolin Pflueger and Adi Sunderam
      We document that the Fed’s perceived monetary policy response to inflation shifted materially over the post-pandemic period. In forward-looking policy rules estimated from surveys of macroeconomic forecasters, the inflation coefficient rose significantly after liftoff... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Inflation and Deflation; Interest Rates; Perception; Government Administration
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      Bauer, Michael D., Carolin Pflueger, and Adi Sunderam. "Changing Perceptions and Post-Pandemic Monetary Policy." Working Paper, September 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Article

      Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19

      By: Livia Alfonsi, Mary Namubiru and Sara Spaziani
      We investigate gender disparities in the effect of COVID-19 on the labor market outcomes of skilled Ugandan workers. Leveraging a high-frequency panel dataset, we find that the lockdowns imposed in Uganda reduced employment by 69% for women and by 45% for men,... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Wage Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Employment; Wages; Uganda
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      Alfonsi, Livia, Mary Namubiru, and Sara Spaziani. "Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19." Review of Economics of the Household 22, no. 3 (September 2024): 999–1046.
      • September 2024
      • Article

      Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock

      By: Patrick Agte, Arielle Bernhardt, Erica M. Field, Rohini Pande and Natalia Rigol
      How do poor entrepreneurs trade off investments in business enterprises versus children's human capital, and how do these choices influence intergenerational socio-economic mobility? To examine this, we exploit experimental variation in household income resulting from... View Details
      Keywords: Socio-economic Mobility; Entrepreneurship; Education; Income; Literacy; Poverty
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      Agte, Patrick, Arielle Bernhardt, Erica M. Field, Rohini Pande, and Natalia Rigol. "Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock." American Economic Review 114, no. 9 (September 2024): 2792–2824.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Immodest Victims: Victims Who Broadcast Their Victimization Are Seen as Less Morally Virtuous

      By: Nathan Dhaliwal, Jillian J. Jordan, Anoushka Kiyawat and Pat Barclay
      How do people evaluate victims who advertise their victim status? Because such broadcasting can elicit sympathy and support, we propose that declining to broadcast serves as a costly act of modesty: one is withholding a fact about oneself that could garner resources... View Details
      Keywords: Public Opinion; Communication; Perception; Reputation
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      Dhaliwal, Nathan, Jillian J. Jordan, Anoushka Kiyawat, and Pat Barclay. "Immodest Victims: Victims Who Broadcast Their Victimization Are Seen as Less Morally Virtuous." Working Paper, August 2024.
      • August 20, 2024
      • Article

      Sexual Assault Victims Face a Penalty for Adjacent Consent

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Roseanna Sommers
      Across 11 experimental studies (n = 12,257), we show that female victims of sexual assault are blamed more and seen as less morally virtuous if their assault follows voluntary sexual intimacy, a factor we term “adjacent consent”. Moreover, we illuminate a... View Details
      Keywords: Perception; Prejudice and Bias; Moral Sensibility; Crime and Corruption; Social Issues
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Roseanna Sommers. "Sexual Assault Victims Face a Penalty for Adjacent Consent." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 34 (August 20, 2024).
      • July 2024
      • Article

      A (Dynamic) Investigation of Stereotypes, Belief-Updating, and Behavior

      By: Katherine B. Coffman, Paola Ugalde Araya and Basit Zafar
      Many decisions—such as what educational or career path to pursue—are dynamic in nature, with individuals receiving feedback at one point in time and making decisions later. Using a controlled experiment, with two sessions one week apart, we analyze the dynamic effects... View Details
      Keywords: Feedback; Beliefs; Stereotypes; Self-assessment; Gender Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Coffman, Katherine B., Paola Ugalde Araya, and Basit Zafar. "A (Dynamic) Investigation of Stereotypes, Belief-Updating, and Behavior." Economic Inquiry 62, no. 3 (July 2024): 957–983.
      • July, 2024
      • Article

      Consumer Protection in an Online World: An Analysis of Occupational Licensing

      By: Chiara Farronato, Andrey Fradkin, Bradley Larsen and Erik Brynjolfsson
      We study the demand and supply implications of occupational licensing using transaction-level data from a large online platform for home improvement services. We find that demand is more responsive to a professional's reviews than to the professional's... View Details
      Keywords: Occupational Licensing; Consumer Protection; Perception; Experience and Expertise; Public Opinion; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Demand and Consumers
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      Farronato, Chiara, Andrey Fradkin, Bradley Larsen, and Erik Brynjolfsson. "Consumer Protection in an Online World: An Analysis of Occupational Licensing." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 16, no. 3 (July, 2024): 549–579.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Demographically Biased Technological Change

      By: Victor Manuel Bennett, John-Paul Ferguson, Masoomeh Kalantari and Rembrand Koning
      Who gets the jobs that automation creates? A consensus has begun to emerge that said technologies complement rather than substitute for labor. However, they also shift the demand for specific types of skills and other worker competencies. Such shifts imply unequal... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Employment; Equality and Inequality; Demographics
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      Bennett, Victor Manuel, John-Paul Ferguson, Masoomeh Kalantari, and Rembrand Koning. "Demographically Biased Technological Change." Working Paper, June 2024.
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