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Publications

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      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Going by the Book: Valuation Ratios and Stock Returns

      By: Ki-Soon Choi, Eric So and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We study the use of firms’ book-to-market ratios (B/M) in value investing and its implications for comovements in firms’ stock returns and trading volumes. We show B/M has become increasingly detached from common alternative valuation ratios over time while also... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation Ratios; Book-to-market Ratios; Investment Return; Investment; Decision Making
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      Choi, Ki-Soon, Eric So, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Going by the Book: Valuation Ratios and Stock Returns." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-126, May 2021.
      • 2021
      • Book

      Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy

      By: C. Fritz Foley, James R. Hines Jr. and David Wessel
      Globalization and multinational corporations have long seemed partners in the enterprise of economic growth: globalization-led prosperity was the goal, and giant corporations spanning the globe would help achieve it. In recent years, however, the notion that all... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Globalization; Economy; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; Employment; Policy
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      Foley, C. Fritz, James R. Hines Jr., and David Wessel, eds. Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy. Brookings Institution Press, 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Article

      On the Direct and Indirect Real Effects of Credit Supply Shocks

      By: Laura Alfaro, Manuel García-Santana and Enrique Moral-Benito
      We explore the real effects of bank-lending shocks and how they permeate the economy through buyer-supplier linkages. We combine administrative data on all Spanish firms with a matched bank-firm-loan dataset of all corporate loans from 2003 to 2013 to estimate... View Details
      Keywords: Credit Supply Shocks; Bank Lending Channel; Input-output Linkages; Output; Mechanisms; Trade Credits; Price Effects; Economics; Credit; System Shocks; Employment; Investment; Spain
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      Alfaro, Laura, Manuel García-Santana, and Enrique Moral-Benito. "On the Direct and Indirect Real Effects of Credit Supply Shocks." Journal of Financial Economics 139, no. 3 (March 2021): 895–921.
      • October 2020
      • Article

      The Supply Chain Economy: A New Industry Categorization for Understanding Innovation in Services

      By: Mercedes Delgado and Karen G. Mills
      An active debate has centered on the importance of manufacturing for driving innovation in the U.S. economy. This paper offers an alternative framework that focuses on the role of suppliers of goods and services (the “supply chain economy”) in national performance. We... View Details
      Keywords: Supply Chain Industries; Business-to-consumer Industries; Services; Innovation; Economy; Framework; Supply Chain; Service Operations; Innovation and Invention; Economic Growth; United States
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      Delgado, Mercedes, and Karen G. Mills. "The Supply Chain Economy: A New Industry Categorization for Understanding Innovation in Services." Research Policy 49, no. 8 (October 2020).
      • July 2020
      • Teaching Note

      COVID-19: The Global Shutdown

      By: Laura Alfaro and Sarah Jeong
      In the first months of 2020, a pandemic overwhelmed the world. COVID-19, commonly known as the coronavirus, spread from China and created a severe public health emergency across countries. While an immediate fear of the disease’s impact on human life permeaacted... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Trade; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Financial Crisis; Economy; Policy; Governance; Economic Systems; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Economic Sectors
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Sarah Jeong. "COVID-19: The Global Shutdown." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 321-021, July 2020.
      • May 2020 (Revised July 2020)
      • Case

      COVID-19: The Global Shutdown

      By: Laura Alfaro and Sarah Jeong
      In the first months of 2020, a pandemic overwhelmed the world. COVID-19, commonly known as the coronavirus, spread from China and created a severe public health emergency across countries. While an immediate fear of the disease’s impact on human life permeated society,... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Financial Crisis; Economy; Economic Systems; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Economic Sectors; Health Pandemics
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Sarah Jeong. "COVID-19: The Global Shutdown." Harvard Business School Case 320-108, May 2020. (Revised July 2020.)
      • April 2020 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Shorefast: A Strange and Familiar Way to Reimagine Capitalism

      By: Brian Trelstad, Wendy Smith and Natalie Slawinski
      In 2006, Zita Cobb and two of her brothers, Alan Cobb and Tony Cobb, native Newfoundlanders, launched Shorefast to help grow another leg of Fogo Island’s economy. Like so many rural communities, Fogo Island’s fate was tied directly to one primary resource—in this case... View Details
      Keywords: Place Making; Non-profit; Hotel; Economic Development; Tourism; Social Entrepreneurship; Nonprofit Organizations; Development Economics; Economic Systems; Tourism Industry; Canada
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      Trelstad, Brian, Wendy Smith, and Natalie Slawinski. "Shorefast: A Strange and Familiar Way to Reimagine Capitalism." Harvard Business School Case 320-098, April 2020. (Revised May 2025.)
      • February 2020 (Revised January 2022)
      • Case

      Getting Brexit Done

      By: Alberto Cavallo
      In the early hours of Friday, December 13, 2019, a triumphant Boris Johnson, the UK Prime Minister, stood in front of his supporters and declared, “We did it – we pulled it off, didn’t we? We broke the deadlock, [. . .] we smashed the roadblock. [. . .] This election... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Integration; Brexit; Economics; Trade; Political Elections; Government Administration; Policy; Negotiation; Globalized Economies and Regions; Problems and Challenges; European Union; Europe
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      Cavallo, Alberto. "Getting Brexit Done." Harvard Business School Case 720-023, February 2020. (Revised January 2022.)
      • November 2019
      • Case

      Floating the Exchange Rate: In Pursuit of the Chinese Dream

      By: Laura Alfaro and Sarah Jeong
      In the decades following 2005, China faced significant financial challenges. Inflation spiraled upwards and China’s economy stagnated in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis. The country’s leaders took an interventionist approach to weather the storm, controlling... View Details
      Keywords: Exchange Rate; Inflation; Debt; Currency Exchange Rate; Inflation and Deflation; Borrowing and Debt; China
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Sarah Jeong. "Floating the Exchange Rate: In Pursuit of the Chinese Dream." Harvard Business School Case 320-039, November 2019.
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      From Coast to Hinterland: Fiscal State Formation in British and French West Africa, c. 1880–1960

      By: Ewout Frankema and Marlous van Waijenburg
      This chapter contrasts and compares the ways different colonial states in West Africa developed local fiscal capacity. We show that per capita revenues were higher in the more commercialised coastal export economies than in remote parts of the interior. We argue that... View Details
      Keywords: Fiscal Capacity; Public Debt; French West Africa; British West Africa; Geography; History; Africa
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      Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous van Waijenburg. "From Coast to Hinterland: Fiscal State Formation in British and French West Africa, c. 1880–1960." In Fiscal Capacity and the Colonial State in Africa and Asia, c. 1850–1960, edited by Ewout Frankema and Anne Booth, 161–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
      • November 2019
      • Article

      Full Substitutability

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky and Alexander Westkamp
      Various forms of substitutability are essential for establishing the existence of equilibria and other useful properties in diverse settings such as matching, auctions, and exchange economies with indivisible goods. We extend earlier models’ definitions of... View Details
      Keywords: Substitutability; Mathematical Methods; Auctions; Market Design
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky, and Alexander Westkamp. "Full Substitutability." Theoretical Economics 14, no. 4 (November 2019): 1535–1590.
      • 2019
      • Book

      The Economic Turn: Recasting Political Economy in Enlightenment Europe

      By: Steven L. Kaplan and Sophus A. Reinert
      The mid-eighteenth century witnessed what might be dubbed an “economic turn” that resolutely changed the trajectory of world history. From the birth of new agricultural practices and the foundation of private societies to the sustained and popular theorization of... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Trade; History; Markets; Society; France; Europe
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      Kaplan, Steven L., and Sophus A. Reinert, eds. The Economic Turn: Recasting Political Economy in Enlightenment Europe. London: Anthem Press, 2019.
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Internalizing Global Value Chains: A Firm-Level Analysis

      By: Laura Alfaro, Pol Antràs, Davin Chor and Paola Conconi
      In recent decades, advances in information and communication technology and falling trade barriers have led firms to retain within their boundaries and in their domestic economies only a subset of their production stages. A key decision facing firms worldwide is the... View Details
      Keywords: Global Value Chains; Sequential Production; Incomplete Contracts; Demand and Consumers; Customer Value and Value Chain; Globalization
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      Alfaro, Laura, Pol Antràs, Davin Chor, and Paola Conconi. "Internalizing Global Value Chains: A Firm-Level Analysis." Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 2 (April 2019): 508–559. (See Online Appendix. Replications files available here. Also NBER Working Paper 21582.)
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Location Fundamentals, Agglomeration Economies, and the Geography of Multinational Firms

      By: Laura Alfaro and Maggie Xiaoyang Chen
      Multinationals exhibit distinct agglomeration patterns, which have transformed the global landscape of industrial production (Alfaro and Chen, 2014). Using a unique worldwide plant-level dataset that reports detailed location, ownership, and operation information for... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firm; Economic Geography; Agglomeration; Location Fundamentals; Agglomeration Economies; Multinational Firms and Management; Geographic Location; Industry Clusters; Economics
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Maggie Xiaoyang Chen. "Location Fundamentals, Agglomeration Economies, and the Geography of Multinational Firms." Chap. 10 in The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation, edited by Célestin Monga and Justin Yifu Lin. Oxford University Press, 2019.
      • 2018
      • Book

      The Academy of Fisticuffs: Political Economy and Commercial Society in Enlightenment Italy

      By: Sophus A. Reinert
      The terms “capitalism” and “socialism” continue to haunt our political and economic imaginations, but we rarely consider their interconnected early history. Even the 18th century had its “socialists,” but unlike those of the 19th, they paradoxically sought to make the... View Details
      Keywords: Enlightenment; Political Economy; Italy; Commercial Society; Economic Systems; Trade; History; Markets; Society; Italy
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      Reinert, Sophus A. The Academy of Fisticuffs: Political Economy and Commercial Society in Enlightenment Italy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018.
      • October 2018
      • Case

      African Bank Investments Limited (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      Less than a year after joining the board of African Bank Investments Limited (ABIL), the newest director finds himself in difficult discussions with other directors about removing the struggling company’s CEO. The case is set in South Africa in mid-2014 as shares in... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Personal Finance; Corporate Accountability; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Crisis Management; Insurance; Leadership; Management; Risk Management; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; Africa; South Africa
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "African Bank Investments Limited (A)." Harvard Business School Case 319-052, October 2018.
      • October 2018
      • Supplement

      African Bank Investments Limited (B)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      Less than a year after joining the board of African Bank Investments Limited (ABIL), the newest director finds himself in difficult discussions with other directors about removing the struggling company’s CEO. The case is set in South Africa in mid-2014 as shares in... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Personal Finance; Corporate Accountability; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Crisis Management; Insurance; Leadership; Management; Risk Management; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; Africa; South Africa
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "African Bank Investments Limited (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 319-053, October 2018.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      UK Competitiveness after Brexit

      By: Michael E. Porter
      On June 23rd, 2016 52% of UK voters opted to put their country on the path to leave the European Union by March 29, 2019. This result was a surprise to many, and went against the advice of the vast majority of economic experts and business leaders. Two years later, and... View Details
      Keywords: Competitiveness; International Relations; Trade; Economy; Strategy; United Kingdom
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      Porter, Michael E. "UK Competitiveness after Brexit." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-029, September 2018. (Revised January 2019.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Full Substitutability

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky and Alexander Westkamp
      Various forms of substitutability are essential for establishing the existence of equilibria and other useful properties in diverse settings such as matching, auctions, and exchange economies with indivisible goods. We extend earlier models’ definitions of... View Details
      Keywords: Substitutability; Mathematical Methods; Auctions; Market Design
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky, and Alexander Westkamp. "Full Substitutability." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-016.
      • August 2018
      • Case

      Christine Lagarde

      By: Julie Battilana, Carin-Isabel Knoop, Vanessa Ampelas and Noemie Assenat
      For a modular presentation of the same material, please see “Christine Lagarde (A): A French Prime Minister Calls” (HBS No. 419-017), “Christine Lagarde (B): Being a Public Servant” (HBS No. 419-018), and “Christine Lagarde (C): Managing the IMF” (HBS No. 419-019).... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Personal Development and Career; Power and Influence; Leadership; Gender; Leading Change
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      Battilana, Julie, Carin-Isabel Knoop, Vanessa Ampelas, and Noemie Assenat. "Christine Lagarde." Harvard Business School Case 419-016, August 2018.
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