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  • August 2024
  • Background Note

Mitigating Climate Change with Machine Learning

By: Michael W. Toffel, Kelsey Carter, Amy Chambers, Avery Park and Susan Pinckney
This note highlights how machine learning is being used to decarbonize (reduce GHG emissions) several key sectors including electricity, transportation, building, industrial processes, and agriculture -- and how machine learning is being used to accelerate efforts to... View Details
Keywords: Climate; Artificial Intelligence; Adaptation; Climate Change; AI and Machine Learning; Innovation and Invention
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Toffel, Michael W., Kelsey Carter, Amy Chambers, Avery Park, and Susan Pinckney. "Mitigating Climate Change with Machine Learning." Harvard Business School Background Note 625-014, August 2024.
  • Mar 2021
  • Conference Presentation

Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning

By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi
We study the data deletion problem for convex models. By leveraging techniques from convex optimization and reservoir sampling, we give the first data deletion algorithms that are able to handle an arbitrarily long sequence of adversarial updates while promising both... View Details
Keywords: Machine Learning; Unlearning Algorithm; Mathematical Methods
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Neel, Seth, Aaron Leon Roth, and Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi. "Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning." Paper presented at the 32nd Algorithmic Learning Theory Conference, March 2021.
  • 08 Oct 2018
  • Working Paper Summaries

Developing Theory Using Machine Learning Methods

Keywords: by Prithwiraj Choudhury, Ryan Allen, and Michael G. Endres
  • October 2021
  • Article

Overcoming the Cold Start Problem of CRM Using a Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach

By: Nicolas Padilla and Eva Ascarza
The success of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) programs ultimately depends on the firm's ability to understand consumers' preferences and precisely capture how these preferences may differ across customers. Only by understanding customer heterogeneity, firms can... View Details
Keywords: Customer Management; Targeting; Deep Exponential Families; Probabilistic Machine Learning; Cold Start Problem; Customer Relationship Management; Programs; Consumer Behavior; Analysis
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Padilla, Nicolas, and Eva Ascarza. "Overcoming the Cold Start Problem of CRM Using a Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 58, no. 5 (October 2021): 981–1006.
  • Article

Learning Models for Actionable Recourse

By: Alexis Ross, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Osbert Bastani
As machine learning models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as legal and financial decision-making, there has been growing interest in post-hoc methods for generating counterfactual explanations. Such explanations provide individuals adversely... View Details
Keywords: Machine Learning Models; Recourse; Algorithm; Mathematical Methods
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Ross, Alexis, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Osbert Bastani. "Learning Models for Actionable Recourse." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 34 (2021).
  • February 26, 2024
  • Article

Making Workplaces Safer Through Machine Learning

By: Matthew S. Johnson, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
Machine learning algorithms can dramatically improve regulatory effectiveness. This short article describes the authors' scholarly work that shows how the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) could have reduced nearly twice as many occupational... View Details
Keywords: Government Experimentation; Auditing; Inspection; Evaluation; Process Improvement; Government Administration; AI and Machine Learning; Safety; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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Johnson, Matthew S., David I. Levine, and Michael W. Toffel. "Making Workplaces Safer Through Machine Learning." Regulatory Review (February 26, 2024).
  • 02 Aug 2017
  • Working Paper Summaries

Machine Learning Methods for Strategy Research

Keywords: by Mike Horia Teodorescu
  • February 2021
  • Tutorial

Assessing Prediction Accuracy of Machine Learning Models

By: Michael Toffel and Natalie Epstein
This video describes how to assess the accuracy of machine learning prediction models, primarily in the context of machine learning models that predict binary outcomes, such as logistic regression, random forest, or nearest neighbor models. After introducing and... View Details
Keywords: Statistics; Experiments; Forecasting and Prediction; Performance Evaluation; AI and Machine Learning
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Toffel, Michael, and Natalie Epstein. Assessing Prediction Accuracy of Machine Learning Models. Harvard Business School Tutorial 621-706, February 2021. (Click here to access this tutorial.)
  • 2020
  • Working Paper

Overcoming the Cold Start Problem of CRM Using a Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach

By: Eva Ascarza
The success of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) programs ultimately depends on the firm's ability to understand consumers' preferences and precisely capture how these preferences may differ across customers. Only by understanding customer heterogeneity, firms can... View Details
Keywords: Customer Management; Targeting; Deep Exponential Families; Probabilistic Machine Learning; Cold Start Problem; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Consumer Behavior; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods; Retail Industry
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Padilla, Nicolas, and Eva Ascarza. "Overcoming the Cold Start Problem of CRM Using a Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-091, February 2019. (Revised May 2020. Accepted at the Journal of Marketing Research.)
  • Research Summary

Making Machine Learning Robust to Adversarial Attacks

By: Himabindu Lakkaraju
The goal of this research is to ensure that machine learning models that we build and deploy are not easily susceptible to attacks by adversarial or malicious entities. View Details
  • December 2023
  • Article

Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning

By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum and T. Ullman
A current proposal for a computational notion of self is a representation of one’s body in a specific time and place, which includes the recognition of that representation as the agent. This turns self-representation into a process of self-orientation, a challenging... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Behavior; Learning
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De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and T. Ullman. "Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning." Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 12 (December 2023): 2126–2139.
  • Article

Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairness

By: Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
The most prevalent notions of fairness in machine learning are statistical definitions: they fix a small collection of pre-defined groups, and then ask for parity of some statistic of the classifier (like classification rate or false positive rate) across these groups.... View Details
Keywords: Machine Learning; Algorithms; Fairness; Mathematical Methods
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Kearns, Michael J., Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairness." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 35th (2018).
  • Teaching Interest

Interpretability and Explainability in Machine Learning

By: Himabindu Lakkaraju

As machine learning models are increasingly being employed to aid decision makers in high-stakes settings such as healthcare and criminal justice, it is important to ensure that the decision makers correctly understand and consequent trust the functionality of these... View Details

  • 25 Oct 2017
  • Research & Ideas

Will Machine Learning Make You a Better Manager?

Credit: PhonlamaiPhoto Thirty years ago, the idea of a machine learning on its own would have stoked the worst kind of sci-fi nightmares about robots taking over the planet. These days, View Details
Keywords: by Michael Blanding; Information Technology
  • November 2023
  • Case

Open Source Machine Learning at Google

By: Shane Greenstein, Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Viégas, Daniel Yue and James Barnett
Set in early 2023, the case exposes students to the challenges of managing open source software at Google. The case focuses on the challenges for Alex Spinelli, Vice President of Product Management for Core Machine Learning. He must set priorities for Google’s efforts... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Technological Innovation; Open Source Distribution; Strategy; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technology Industry; United States
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Greenstein, Shane, Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Viégas, Daniel Yue, and James Barnett. "Open Source Machine Learning at Google." Harvard Business School Case 624-015, November 2023.
  • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
  • Case

SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation

By: Brian Trelstad and Bonnie Yining Cao
Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART), a set of software and analytical tools designed for the purpose of wildlife conservation, had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching and contributing to wildlife... View Details
Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Emerging Markets; Technology Adoption; Strategy; Management; Ethics; Social Enterprise; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Natural Environment; Technology Industry; Cambodia; United States; Africa
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Trelstad, Brian, and Bonnie Yining Cao. "SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation." Harvard Business School Case 323-036, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
  • November 2021 (Revised December 2021)
  • Supplement

PittaRosso (B): Human and Machine Learning

By: Ayelet Israeli
This case supplements the "PittaRosso: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Pricing and Promotion" case, and provides major highlights on what happened at the company since the first case. View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Pricing; Pricing Algorithm; Pricing Decisions; Pricing Strategy; Pricing Structure; Promotion; Promotions; Online Marketing; Data-driven Decision-making; Data-driven Management; Retail; Retail Analytics; Price; Advertising Campaigns; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Digital Marketing; Budgets and Budgeting; Marketing Strategy; Marketing; Transformation; Decision Making; AI and Machine Learning; Retail Industry; Italy
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Israeli, Ayelet. "PittaRosso (B): Human and Machine Learning." Harvard Business School Supplement 522-047, November 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
  • Research Summary

Adoption of Machine Learning Models in Real World Decision Making

By: Himabindu Lakkaraju
The goal of this research is to assess the impact of deploying machine learning models in real world decision making in domains such as health care. View Details
  • 14 Mar 2023
  • Cold Call Podcast

Can AI and Machine Learning Help Park Rangers Prevent Poaching?

Keywords: Re: Brian L. Trelstad; Computer; Information Technology; Technology
  • April 2025
  • Background Note

Climate Change Adaptation with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

By: Michael W. Toffel and Nabig Chaudhry
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as powerful tools to address climate change. This note summarizes a wide range of the uses of AI/ML to drive climate change adaptation and resilience, the measures organizations and governments are... View Details
Keywords: Climate Change; Adaptation
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Toffel, Michael W., and Nabig Chaudhry. "Climate Change Adaptation with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning." Harvard Business School Background Note 625-050, April 2025.
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