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- All HBS Web (309)
- Faculty Publications (151)
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- July 2003 (Revised January 2013)
- Background Note
Note on Organized Labor in U.S. Public Education
Surveys the history, structure, and activities of the two dominant U.S. teachers unions—the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). The NEA and AFT represent approximately 90% of U.S. public school teachers and have grown... View Details
Leschly, Stig. "Note on Organized Labor in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 804-018, July 2003. (Revised January 2013.)
- February 2017 (Revised May 2018)
- Case
The Flint, Michigan Sit-Down Strike
By: Tom Nicholas, Christopher T. Stanton and Matthew Preble
For roughly six weeks between late December 1936 and February 1937, a major strike at several critical General Motors (GM) plants in Flint, Michigan, essentially halted the corporation’s U.S. production and resulted in significant gains for the nascent United... View Details
Keywords: Industrial Unionism; Craft Unionism; Welfare Capitalism; General Motors; Labor; Labor Unions; Labor and Management Relations; Wages; Working Conditions; Government Legislation; Business History; Business and Government Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Business and Community Relations; Auto Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Mining Industry; Steel Industry; United States; Michigan
Nicholas, Tom, Christopher T. Stanton, and Matthew Preble. "The Flint, Michigan Sit-Down Strike." Harvard Business School Case 817-005, February 2017. (Revised May 2018.)
- June 1984 (Revised August 1995)
- Teaching Note
Labor Movement Between the Wars, Teaching Note
Keywords: Labor Unions
- December 1984
- Article
Unionization and Profitability: Evidence from the Capital Market
By: M. B. Zimmerman and R. S. Ruback
Zimmerman, M. B., and R. S. Ruback. "Unionization and Profitability: Evidence from the Capital Market." Journal of Political Economy 92, no. 6 (December 1984): 1134–1157.
- 2023
- Working Paper
The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks
By: Isamar Troncoso, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty and SooHyun Kim
The US has seen a rise in union movements, but their effects on service industry marketing outcomes like customer satisfaction and perceptions of service quality remain understudied. In this paper, we empirically study the impact on customer satisfaction and... View Details
Keywords: Labor Unions; Customer Satisfaction; Perception; Public Opinion; Employees; Food and Beverage Industry
Troncoso, Isamar, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty, and SooHyun Kim. "The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks." Working Paper, 2023.
- March 2013
- Teaching Note
Automating the Paris Subway (TN) (A) & (B)
By: Michel Anteby and Ayn Cavicchi
In 2001, the head of the Paris Subway reflected on how to transform Line 1 into a driverless line without triggering a social conflict. After the shock of the 2000 Notre Dame de Lorette subway accident, in which a train derailed and caused 25 injuries in a Paris subway... View Details
- May 1984 (Revised August 1995)
- Teaching Note
Organized Labor and the Worker, Teaching Note
Teaching Note for (9-391-256). View Details
Keywords: Labor Unions
- June 1988
- Supplement
Bethoney Manufacturing: Interview with Plant Manager and Union President, Video
By: Michael Beer
Keywords: Labor and Management Relations
Beer, Michael. "Bethoney Manufacturing: Interview with Plant Manager and Union President, Video." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 888-526, June 1988.
- 04 Mar 2015
- What Do You Think?
Can a Laissez-Faire Approach Fix Labor Market Inequality?
Summing Up When Is It In An Employer's Self-Interest to Voluntarily Raise All Wages? A laissez-faire approach to fixing labor market inequality has widespread appeal, judging by responses to this month's column. For some it is an ideal,... View Details
- April 1983
- Article
Productivity and Labor Unions: An Application of the Theory of Self-Enforcing Contracts
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Productivity and Labor Unions: An Application of the Theory of Self-Enforcing Contracts." Journal of Business 56, no. 2 (April 1983).
- 2013
- Case
Career Pathways, Performance Pay, and Peer-review Promotion in Baltimore City Public Schools
By: Susan Moore Johnson, John J-H Kim, Geoff Marietta, S. Elisabeth Faller and James Noonan
In the fall of 2012, Dr. Andres Alonso had much to celebrate about in his five-year tenure as CEO of Baltimore City Public Schools, including the approval and implementation of an innovative teachers' contract with a jointly-governed four-tier career pathway that tied... View Details
Keywords: Labor Management; Public Education; PELP; Union; Compensation; Collaboration; Public Education Leadership Project; Education; Labor; Compensation and Benefits; Education Industry; United States
Johnson, Susan Moore, John J-H Kim, Geoff Marietta, S. Elisabeth Faller, and James Noonan. "Career Pathways, Performance Pay, and Peer-review Promotion in Baltimore City Public Schools." Harvard Business Publishing Case, 2013. (Case No. PEL-071.)
- October 1983 (Revised May 1984)
- Case
From Lean Years to Fat Years: The Labor Movement Between the Wars
Tedlow, Richard S. "From Lean Years to Fat Years: The Labor Movement Between the Wars." Harvard Business School Case 384-104, October 1983. (Revised May 1984.)
- December 2013 (Revised May 2021)
- Case
Paul Levy: Confronting a 'Corporate Campaign' (A)
Hospital CEO Paul Levy confronts an SEIU unionization drive via a "corporate campaign" aimed at undercutting the hospital's relationships with key internal and external constituencies. Having shepherded one of Boston's top teaching hospitals much of the way through a... View Details
Keywords: Dispute Resolution; Corporate Campaign; Negotiating Campaign; Bargaining; Health Care; Hospitals; Unions; Health Care and Treatment; Negotiation; Strategy; Negotiation Process; Labor Unions; Health Industry; Boston
Sebenius, James K. "Paul Levy: Confronting a 'Corporate Campaign' (A)." Harvard Business School Case 914-020, December 2013. (Revised May 2021.)
- May 2021
- Supplement
Paul Levy: Confronting a 'Corporate Campaign' (B)
By: James K. Sebenius and Isaac Silberberg
Paul Levy, CEO of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center hospital is faced with a formidable negotiation campaign to unionize staff at BIDMC. Armed only with his personal blog, does Paul stand a chance against the union's multi-million dollar organizing budget? View Details
- Article
Why A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations Remains a Triumph at Fifty but the Labels 'Distributive' and 'Integrative' Should Be Retired
Richard Walton and Robert McKersie's closeness to practice, disciplinary rigor, and successful search for powerful generalizations help explain the lasting impact of the Behavioral Theory of Labor Relations. Ironically, the names they chose for the fundamental... View Details
Sebenius, James K. "Why A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations Remains a Triumph at Fifty but the Labels 'Distributive' and 'Integrative' Should Be Retired." Negotiation Journal 31, no. 4 (October 2015): 335–347.
- 2025
- Working Paper
How Firms Respond to Worker Activism: Evidence from Global Supply Chains
By: Yanhua Bird, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Social movement pressures can lead organizations to concede and improve social performance to avoid disruption costs, but we theorize that such responses evoke concession costs that prompt organizations to shift resources and attention from other social domains whose... View Details
Keywords: Worker Activism; Labor Standards; Tradeoffs; Global Supply Chains; Internal Governance Structure; Public Opinion; Supply Chain; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Working Conditions
Bird, Yanhua, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Firms Respond to Worker Activism: Evidence from Global Supply Chains." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-061, June 2025.
- 2019
- Article
The Social Desirability of Offshoring: A Swiss Consensus (1945–1975)
By: Sabine Pitteloud
This article focuses on the evolution of the rhetoric and practice of corporate offshoring in Switzerland from the post-war economic boom to the industrial crisis in the mid-seventies. The virtue of a historical perspective on the issue of offshoring is to show how... View Details
Keywords: Multinationals; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Relocation; Labor Relations; Multinational Firms and Management; Labor and Management Relations; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Switzerland
Pitteloud, Sabine. "The Social Desirability of Offshoring: A Swiss Consensus (1945–1975)." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 64, no. 2 (2019).
- 2021
- Working Paper
Equilibrium Effects of Pay Transparency
By: Zoë B. Cullen and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson
The public discourse around pay transparency has focused on the direct effect: how workers seek
to rectify newly-disclosed pay inequities through renegotiations. The question of how wage-setting
and hiring practices of the firm respond in equilibrium has received... View Details
- Article
Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them
By: Jodi L Short and Michael W. Toffel
The pandemic has placed a new spotlight on working conditions in factories that supply global companies. To avert problems, firms often impose codes of conduct on their suppliers and perform audits to assess compliance. Do these measures help identify unethical... View Details
Keywords: Auditing; Agency Cost; Quality And Safety; Quality Management System; Quality Management; Unions; Environmental Management; Globalization; Goods and Commodities; Governance; Labor; Labor Unions; Wages; Working Conditions; Operations; Supply Chain; Safety; Quality; China; Bangladesh; Asia; Pakistan
Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 2 (March–April 2021).