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- Faculty Publications (248)
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- All HBS Web (418)
- Faculty Publications (248)
- August 2020
- Technical Note
Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity
Ivashina, Victoria. "Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Technical Note 221-012, August 2020.
- December 2012
- Case
Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation
By: Suraj Srinivasan, Beiting Cheng and Edward J. Riedl
The case illustrates the use of the residual income (also known as the abnormal earnings) valuation approach. Students are asked to provide a valuation of Coca-Cola Company using the residual income valuation methodology and understand how it maps into the discounted... View Details
Srinivasan, Suraj, Beiting Cheng, and Edward J. Riedl. "Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation." Harvard Business School Case 113-056, December 2012.
- December 2017 (Revised November 2018)
- Case
Tesla Motors (A): Financing Growth
By: Stuart C. Gilson and Sarah L. Abbott
The case analyzes the equity market value of Tesla Motors, the electric car company founded and led by Elon Musk. Wall Street analysts are wildly divided on the future growth prospects for this company, and analysts’ one year share price targets range from $160 to... View Details
Keywords: Valuation Methodologies; Investing; Equities; Public Equity; Finance; Valuation; Equity; Auto Industry; Energy Industry; United States
Gilson, Stuart C., and Sarah L. Abbott. "Tesla: Financing Growth." Harvard Business School Case 218-033, December 2017. (Revised November 2018.)
- September 2004
- Teaching Note
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Valuation and Distribution in Private Equity (TN)
By: G. Felda Hardymon, Josh Lerner and Ann Leamon
Teaching Note to (9-803-161). View Details
- June 2018
- Background Note
Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model
By: Victoria Ivashina, Alexey Tuzikov and Abhijit Tagade
This note introduces an "LBO model," the main performance assessment and valuation technique used in the private equity industry. View Details
Ivashina, Victoria, Alexey Tuzikov, and Abhijit Tagade. "Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-106, June 2018.
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains: 1) earnings and cash flow forecasts, 2) debt structure and the cash sweep, 3) the cashing out horizon and terminal valuation, and 4) the target IRR method of valuation. View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Leveraged Buyouts; Capital Budgeting; Borrowing and Debt; Cash Flow; Equity; Profit; Price; Forecasting and Prediction
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-004, July 2001.
- June 2015
- Case
The Valuation and Financing of Lady M Confections
By: Mihir A. Desai and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This case explores the decision-making process that small, private businesses must undertake when considering an expansion and when selling equity to outside investors. In the process, students are asked to complete two exercises: a break-even analysis and a valuation... View Details
Keywords: Lady M; Bakery; Foodservice Industry; Breakeven Analysis; Restaurant Industry; Forecasting; Forecast; Financial Analysis; Borrowing and Debt; Corporate Finance; Equity; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Finance; Food; Valuation; Food and Beverage Industry; New York (city, NY)
Desai, Mihir A., and Elizabeth A. Meyer. "The Valuation and Financing of Lady M Confections." Harvard Business School Case 215-047, June 2015.
- February 2000
- Article
Money Chasing Deals?: The Impact of Fund Inflows on the Valuation of Private Equity Investments
By: Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner
Gompers, Paul, and Josh Lerner. "Money Chasing Deals?: The Impact of Fund Inflows on the Valuation of Private Equity Investments." Journal of Financial Economics 55, no. 2 (February 2000): 281–325.
- June 2019
- Technical Note
Valuing Employee Equity at Early Stage Ventures
By: Shikhar Ghosh, Christopher Stanton and Sanchali Pal
The note introduces a framework to consider factors that influence the value of employee equity at early stage ventures. Valuing equity is complex, and it important to account for expected dilution, assess exit potential, and acknowledge the high rate of failure in... View Details
Ghosh, Shikhar, Christopher Stanton, and Sanchali Pal. "Valuing Employee Equity at Early Stage Ventures." Harvard Business School Technical Note 819-167, June 2019.
- Article
Brand Values and Capital Market Valuation
By: Mary Barth, Michael B. Clement, George Foster and Ron Kasznik
Brand value estimates are significantly positively related to prices and returns, incremental to accounting variables. Questionable brand value estimate reliability underlies lack of financial statement recognition for brands. Findings suggest estimates are relevant... View Details
Barth, Mary, Michael B. Clement, George Foster, and Ron Kasznik. "Brand Values and Capital Market Valuation." Review of Accounting Studies 3, nos. 1-2 (1998): 41–68.
- March 2001
- Background Note
Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods
The flows-to-equity or equity cash flows valuation method is a discounted cash flow method used to estimate the equity portion of the capital structure. It is closely related to the venture capital/buyout valuation method, which estimates the IRR of the stream of cash... View Details
Meulbroek, Lisa K. "Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods." Harvard Business School Background Note 201-110, March 2001.
- December 2017 (Revised November 2018)
- Case
Tesla Motors (B): Merging with SolarCity
By: Stuart C. Gilson and Sarah L. Abbott
In 2016, electric car manufacturer Tesla announced that it was making an offer to acquire solar panel manufacturer SolarCity in an all-stock offer worth $2.6 billion in Tesla stock. Tesla’s co-founder and CEO, Elon Musk, believed that the merger would generate... View Details
Keywords: M＆A; M＆A Valuation; Investing; Equities; Equity; Valuation; Mergers and Acquisitions; Auto Industry; Energy Industry; United States
Gilson, Stuart C., and Sarah L. Abbott. "Tesla: Merging with SolarCity." Harvard Business School Case 218-038, December 2017. (Revised November 2018.)
- December 1994 (Revised September 2012)
- Background Note
Note on Valuing Equity Cash Flows
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
A technical note for advanced students on the topic of valuing highly-levered equity. Introduces the "equity cash flow" valuation methodology, shows how to use it, discusses the sources and signs of its built-in biases, and provides some guidance about when to use it. View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Note on Valuing Equity Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-085, December 1994. (Revised September 2012.)
- 26 Mar 2025
- Blog Post
How to Approach Your Equity Compensation
come with a four-year vest schedule, meaning that you can only earn your equity over time. But data also shows that most employees leave their companies after just two years. That may be worth broader consideration. What is the 409a View Details
- 01 Mar 2007
- News
Private Equity under Investigation
underwriting public corporate offerings. Nor is this unique to the United States. Britain’s Financial Services Authority has an-nounced that it is increasing its scrutiny of private-equity firms. Among the problems or risks attributed to private View Details
- 14 Mar 2007
- Op-Ed
Government’s Misguided Probe of Private Equity
jointly underwriting public corporate offerings. Nor is this unique to the United States. Britain's Financial Services Authority has announced that it is increasing its scrutiny of private-equity firms. Among the problems or risks attributed to private View Details
- December 2012
- Article
How Much Is Sweat Equity Worth?
By: Christopher Marquis and Joshua D. Margolis
The article presents a case study of a business decision related to the valuing of sweat equity in a start-up business. One man starts a premium vodka business, bringing in his cousin at an early stage, but with no initial discussion of the eventual split of equity or... View Details
Marquis, Christopher, and Joshua D. Margolis. "How Much Is Sweat Equity Worth?" R1212X. Harvard Business Review 90, no. 12 (December 2012).
- June 2024
- Case
Alignvest Student Housing: Keep Building or Time to Sell?
By: Shikhar Ghosh and Patrick Sanguineti
Sanjil Shah, Managing Partner of Alignvest Student Housing REIT (ASH), faces the most significant decision thus far in his career: is it the right time to sell the company? Together with his partner Reza Satchu, Shah had developed ASH into the largest student housing... View Details
Keywords: Exit Strategy; Real Estate; Founder; Equity Valuation; Decisions; Entrepreneurial Finance; Interest Rates; Health Pandemics; Housing; Partners and Partnerships; Expansion; Entrepreneurship; Business Exit or Shutdown; Canada
Ghosh, Shikhar, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Alignvest Student Housing: Keep Building or Time to Sell?" Harvard Business School Case 824-208, June 2024.
- July 2023
- Article
Takahashi-Alexander Revisited: Modeling Private Equity Portfolio Outcomes Using Historical Simulations
By: Dawson Beutler, Alex Billias, Sam Holt, Josh Lerner and TzuHwan Seet
In 2001, Dean Takahashi and Seth Alexander of the Yale University Investments Office developed a deterministic model for estimating future cash flows and valuations for the Yale endowment’s private equity portfolio. Their model, which is simple and intuitive, is still... View Details
Beutler, Dawson, Alex Billias, Sam Holt, Josh Lerner, and TzuHwan Seet. "Takahashi-Alexander Revisited: Modeling Private Equity Portfolio Outcomes Using Historical Simulations." Journal of Portfolio Management 49, no. 7 (July 2023): 144–158.
- 2015
- Working Paper
What Do Private Equity Firms Say They Do?
By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
We survey 79 private equity investors with combined assets under management (AUM) of over $750 billion about their practices in firm valuation, capital structure, governance, and value creation. Investors rely primarily on internal rate of return (IRR) and multiples to... View Details
Keywords: Governance; Value Creation; Private Equity; Capital Structure; Valuation; Management Practices and Processes
Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "What Do Private Equity Firms Say They Do?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-081, April 2015.