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      • Faculty Publications  (86)

      Empirical Risk MinimizationRemove Empirical Risk Minimization →

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      • June 2021
      • Article

      Deals in the Time of Pandemic

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Caley Petrucci
      The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new attention to the period between signing and closing in M&A transactions. Transactional planners heavily negotiate the provisions that govern the behavior of the parties during this window, not only to allocate risk between the... View Details
      Keywords: Takeovers; COVID-19; Material Adverse Effect; Mergers and Acquisitions; Health Pandemics
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Caley Petrucci. "Deals in the Time of Pandemic." Columbia Law Review 121, no. 5 (June 2021): 1405–1480.
      • January 2021 (Revised July 2022)
      • Case

      Snapp: Scaling Under Sanctions in Iran (A)

      By: Meg Rithmire and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in November 2019 as Eyad Alkassar and Mahmoud Fouz, co-founders of Iran’s first and leading ride-hailing platform, Snapp, find out about Apple’s and Google’s decisions to remove all Iranian apps from their respective application stores.
      The case... View Details
      Keywords: Sanctions; Change Management; Disruption; Volatility; Decision Choices and Conditions; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Government and Politics; International Relations; National Security; Risk Management; Crisis Management; Transportation Industry; Iran; Middle East
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      Rithmire, Meg, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Snapp: Scaling Under Sanctions in Iran (A)." Harvard Business School Case 721-020, January 2021. (Revised July 2022.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments

      By: Iavor I Bojinov, David Simchi-Levi and Jinglong Zhao
      In switchback experiments, a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to a random treatment, measures its response, and repeats the procedure for several periods to determine which treatment leads to the best outcome. Although practitioners have widely adopted... View Details
      Keywords: Switchback Experiments; Design; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., David Simchi-Levi, and Jinglong Zhao. "Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-034, September 2020.
      • August 2020
      • Article

      Leverage and the Beta Anomaly

      By: Malcolm Baker, Mathias F. Hoeyer and Jeffrey Wurgler
      The well-known weak empirical relationship between beta risk and the cost of equity—the beta anomaly—generates a simple tradeoff theory: As firms lever up, the overall cost of capital falls as leverage increases equity beta, but as debt becomes riskier the marginal... View Details
      Keywords: Risk Anomaly; Leverage; Capital Structure; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Baker, Malcolm, Mathias F. Hoeyer, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "Leverage and the Beta Anomaly." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 5 (August 2020): 1491–1514.
      • July 2020
      • Case

      Michael Solomonov: Jerusalem in a Bowl

      By: Boris Groysberg, Evan M.S. Hecht and Katherine Connolly Baden
      Before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, Michael Solomonov and Steven Cook had begun to wonder whether it might be time to rethink their opportunistic approach to the expansion of their small restaurant empire in Philadelphia, CooknSolo. The pandemic, however, caused an... View Details
      Keywords: Restaurant Industry; Entrepreneur; COVID-19; Crisis; Crisis Response Plans; Entrepreneurship; Food; Health Pandemics; Crisis Management; Innovation and Invention; Leadership; Creativity; Strategy; Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Risk and Uncertainty; Situation or Environment; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Groysberg, Boris, Evan M.S. Hecht, and Katherine Connolly Baden. "Michael Solomonov: Jerusalem in a Bowl." Harvard Business School Case 421-016, July 2020.
      • June 2020
      • Article

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes... View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–2416. (Revised February 2019. Featured in Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, Food Safety News, and KelloggInsight. (2020 MSOM Responsible Research Finalist.))
      • May 2020
      • Article

      Measuring Collaboration in Modern Organizations

      By: Stephen Michael Impink, Andrea Prat and Raffaella Sadun
      Internal communication has been a central theme in organizational economics, as employee collaboration provides insight into the structure of firms. Use of electronic communications data can be transformational for organizational economics, as these data provide a... View Details
      Keywords: Collaboration; Employees; Interactive Communication; Measurement and Metrics; Organizations; Performance
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      Impink, Stephen Michael, Andrea Prat, and Raffaella Sadun. "Measuring Collaboration in Modern Organizations." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 2020): 181–186.
      • December 2019
      • Article

      Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility

      By: Alfred Galichon, Scott Duke Kominers and Simon Weber
      We introduce an empirical framework for models of matching with imperfectly transferable utility and unobserved heterogeneity in tastes. Our framework allows us to characterize matching equilibrium in a flexible way that includes as special cases the classic fully- and... View Details
      Keywords: Sorting; Matching; Marriage Market; Intrahousehold Allocation; Imperfectly Transferable Utility; Marketplace Matching; Mathematical Methods
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      Galichon, Alfred, Scott Duke Kominers, and Simon Weber. "Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility." Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 6 (December 2019): 2875–2925.
      • October 2019 (Revised April 2020)
      • Background Note

      Note on Funding Deep Tech Startups

      By: Karim Lakhani, Peter Barrett and Noubar Afeyan
      This Background Note provides essential information on funding deep technologies—those technologies that were inherently capital intensive, time consuming, risky, and potentially disruptive. Both dilutive and non-dilutive sources of investment are highlighted, along... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Energy; Venture Capital; Corporate Finance; Initial Public Offering; Investment; Health Testing and Trials; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Intellectual Property; Product Design; Product Development; Information Technology; Research and Development; Risk and Uncertainty; Technology Industry; Biotechnology Industry; United States; North America; Europe; Asia
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      Lakhani, Karim, Peter Barrett, and Noubar Afeyan. "Note on Funding Deep Tech Startups." Harvard Business School Background Note 620-029, October 2019. (Revised April 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work

      By: Hila Lifshitz - Assaf and Frank Nagle
      Knowledge work is becoming increasingly challenging as pace of change in the knowledge frontier is increasing. Organizations have created multiple mechanisms to minimize knowledge gaps and increase learning such internal training, mentorship programs as well as... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Future Of Work; Software Development; Knowledge Work; Online Community; Learning; Knowledge Sharing; Applications and Software; Open Source Distribution; Performance Productivity
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      Lifshitz - Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work." Working Paper, April 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Bank Boards: What Has Changed Since the Financial Crisis?

      By: Shiva Rajgopal, Suraj Srinivasan and Forester Wong
      Several government-mandated committees investigating the financial crisis highlighted four key deficiencies in the composition of bank boards before the crisis: (i) group think among bank board members; (ii) absence of prior banking experience of board members; (iii)... View Details
      Keywords: Banks and Banking; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Financial Crisis; Change; Diversity
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      Rajgopal, Shiva, Suraj Srinivasan, and Forester Wong. "Bank Boards: What Has Changed Since the Financial Crisis?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-108, April 2019.
      • Article

      Accuracy First: Selecting a Differential Privacy Level for Accuracy-Constrained ERM

      By: Katrina Ligett, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, Bo Waggoner and Steven Wu
      Traditional approaches to differential privacy assume a fixed privacy requirement ϵ for a computation, and attempt to maximize the accuracy of the computation subject to the privacy constraint. As differential privacy is increasingly deployed in practical settings, it... View Details
      Keywords: Differential Privacy; Empirical Risk Minimization; Accuracy First
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      Ligett, Katrina, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, Bo Waggoner, and Steven Wu. "Accuracy First: Selecting a Differential Privacy Level for Accuracy-Constrained ERM." Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality 9, no. 2 (2019).
      • 2018
      • Book

      Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      Published at a time of ever-increasing warnings that the pace of climate change and other environmental changes risk making the Earth unsustainable within our own lifetimes, this book looks at the past of green business to identify lessons for the future. It provides... View Details
      Keywords: Green Business; Sustainability; Business History; Eco-tourism; Organic Wine; Organic Food; Waste Management; Sustainable Finance; Ethics; Finance; History; Entrepreneurship; Accommodations Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Banking Industry; Energy Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Green Technology Industry; Tourism Industry; Europe; Asia; Latin America; North and Central America; New Zealand
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      Jones, Geoffrey. Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time. Northamption, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
      • July 2018 (Revised August 2018)
      • Case

      Project Helios: Harvesting the Sun

      By: Mark Egan and E. Scott Mayfield
      Aware of the impact that modern society was having on the environment, Ashley Telkes had always tried to be cognizant of her own impact on the environment and to take reasonable steps to mitigate her own effects. Having already implemented a number of passive measures... View Details
      Keywords: Renewable Energy; Personal Finance; Decision Making; Environmental Sustainability
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      Egan, Mark, and E. Scott Mayfield. "Project Helios: Harvesting the Sun." Harvard Business School Case 219-009, July 2018. (Revised August 2018.)
      • February 2018
      • Article

      Retention Futility: Targeting High-Risk Customers Might Be Ineffective.

      By: Eva Ascarza
      Companies in a variety of sectors are increasingly managing customer churn proactively, generally by detecting customers at the highest risk of churning and targeting retention efforts towards them. While there is a vast literature on developing churn prediction models... View Details
      Keywords: Retention/churn; Proactive Churn Management; Field Experiments; Heterogeneous Treatment Effect; Machine Learning; Customer Relationship Management; Risk Management
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      Ascarza, Eva. "Retention Futility: Targeting High-Risk Customers Might Be Ineffective." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 55, no. 1 (February 2018): 80–98.
      • January–February 2018
      • Article

      Some Customers Would Rather Leave Without Saying Goodbye

      By: Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer and Bruce G.S. Hardie
      We investigate the increasingly common business setting in which companies face the possibility of both observed and unobserved customer attrition (i.e., “overt” and “silent” churn) in the same pool of customers. This is the case for many online-based services where... View Details
      Keywords: Churn; Retention; Attrition; Customer Base Analysis; Hidden Markov Models; Latent Variable Models; Customer Relationship Management; Consumer Behavior
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      Ascarza, Eva, Oded Netzer, and Bruce G.S. Hardie. "Some Customers Would Rather Leave Without Saying Goodbye." Marketing Science 37, no. 1 (January–February 2018): 54–77.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Many production processes are subject to inspection to ensure they meet quality, safety, and environmental standards imposed by companies and regulators. Inspection accuracy is critical to inspections being a useful input to assessing risks, allocating quality... View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Performance Evaluation; Food and Beverage Industry; Service Industry
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-090, April 2017. (Revised October 2018. Formerly titled "Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling". Featured in Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, and Food Safety News.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Global Portfolio Diversification for Long-Horizon Investors

      By: Luis M. Viceira and Zixuan (Kevin) Wang
      This paper conducts a theoretical and empirical investigation of global portfolio diversification for long-horizon investors in the presence of permanent cash flow shocks and transitory discount rate shocks to asset prices and returns. An increase in the cross-country... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Portfolio; Risk and Uncertainty; Diversification; Capital Markets; Global Range
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      Viceira, Luis M., and Zixuan (Kevin) Wang. "Global Portfolio Diversification for Long-Horizon Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-085, March 2017. (Revised July 2018.)
      • 2016
      • Chapter

      Forward Guidance in the Yield Curve: Short Rates versus Bond Supply

      By: Robin Greenwood, Samuel Gregory Hanson and Dimitri Vayanos
      We present a model of the yield curve in which the central bank can provide market participants with forward guidance on both future short rates and on future Quantitative Easing (QE) operations, which affect bond supply. Forward guidance on short rates works through... View Details
      Keywords: Central Banking; Financial Markets
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      Greenwood, Robin, Samuel Gregory Hanson, and Dimitri Vayanos. "Forward Guidance in the Yield Curve: Short Rates versus Bond Supply." In Monetary Policy through Asset Markets: Lessons from Unconventional Measures and Implications for an Integrated World, edited by Elias Albagli, Diego Saravia, and Michael Woodford, 11–62. Santiago: Banco Central de Chile, 2016. (Working Paper version: NBER Working Paper No. 21750 Here.)
      • November–December 2016
      • Article

      The Impact of Patent Wars on Firm Strategy: Evidence from the Global Smartphone Industry

      By: Yongwook Paik and Feng Zhu
      Strategy scholars have documented in various empirical settings that firms seek and leverage stronger institutions to mitigate hazards and gain competitive advantage. In this paper, we argue that such “institution-seeking” behavior may not be confined to the pursuit of... View Details
      Keywords: Patent Wars; Patent Litigation; Intellectual Property (IP) Enforcement; Institutions; Patent Thicket; Smartphone; Patents; Corporate Strategy; Mobile Technology
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      Paik, Yongwook, and Feng Zhu. "The Impact of Patent Wars on Firm Strategy: Evidence from the Global Smartphone Industry." Organization Science 27, no. 6 (November–December 2016): 1397–1416.
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