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- All HBS Web (789)
- Faculty Publications (451)
- October 1987 (Revised January 2013)
- Background Note
Note on Free Cash Flow Valuation Models
Explores some of the issues involved in valuing cash flow streams. A simple model is presented that reveals the effect on value of changing assumptions about the appropriate discount rate, the level of profitability, the growth rate of sales, the asset intensity ratio,... View Details
Sahlman, William A. "Note on Free Cash Flow Valuation Models." Harvard Business School Background Note 288-023, October 1987. (Revised January 2013.)
- November 1994 (Revised January 1995)
- Background Note
A Note on Capital Cash Flow Valuation
Presents the capital cash flow method for valuing risky cash flows. In this method cash flows are calculated to include the benefits of interest tax shields. In a capital structure, with just ordinary debt and common equity, capital cash flows equal the flows available... View Details
Ruback, Richard S. "A Note on Capital Cash Flow Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-069, November 1994. (Revised January 1995.)
- February 1996
- Exercise
Free Cash Flow Valuation Problem Set
By: William A. Sahlman and Andrew S. Janower
Free cash flow valuation problems: 1) build a simple pro forma, 2) value a public company's stock, and 3) evaluate a proposed LBO. View Details
Sahlman, William A., and Andrew S. Janower. "Free Cash Flow Valuation Problem Set." Harvard Business School Exercise 396-269, February 1996.
- August 2020
- Technical Note
Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity
Ivashina, Victoria. "Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Technical Note 221-012, August 2020.
- April 1995
- Background Note
Total Cash Flow Analysis
By: David F. Hawkins
Keywords: Cash Flow
Hawkins, David F. "Total Cash Flow Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 195-234, April 1995.
- spring 1982
- Article
Rechannelling the Cash Flow
By: Marc L Bertoneche and C. Viallet
Keywords: Cash Flow
Bertoneche, Marc L., and C. Viallet. "Rechannelling the Cash Flow." Spectrum, no. 1 (spring 1982).
- September 1995 (Revised June 1996)
- Background Note
Preparing and Using the Statement of Cash Flows
By: Robert L. Simons and Antonio Davila
Explains the concepts and procedures behind the statement of cash flows. Presents an overview of the reporting objectives of this report, and describes in detail the preparation of the cash flow statement using both the indirect method and the direct method. A complete... View Details
Simons, Robert L., and Antonio Davila. "Preparing and Using the Statement of Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-108, September 1995. (Revised June 1996.)
- April 2025 (Revised May 2025)
- Background Note
Customer Acquisition and the Cash Flow Trap
By: E. Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
Startups as well as existing firms recognize the need to invest in order to acquire customers for their new ventures. And as each customer is expected at some point to have generated sufficient gross margins to cover their CAC, management expects that, soon enough, the... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Customers; Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Business or Company Management
Ofek, E., Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "Customer Acquisition and the Cash Flow Trap." Harvard Business School Background Note 525-056, April 2025. (Revised May 2025.)
- October 1988 (Revised August 1989)
- Background Note
Note on Within-Year Cash Flows
Brandenburger, Adam M. "Note on Within-Year Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Background Note 189-086, October 1988. (Revised August 1989.)
- December 1994 (Revised September 2012)
- Background Note
Note on Valuing Equity Cash Flows
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
A technical note for advanced students on the topic of valuing highly-levered equity. Introduces the "equity cash flow" valuation methodology, shows how to use it, discusses the sources and signs of its built-in biases, and provides some guidance about when to use it. View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Note on Valuing Equity Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-085, December 1994. (Revised September 2012.)
- March 2011
- Case
Cash Flow Productivity at PepsiCo: Communicating Value to Retailers
PepsiCo developed a new metric that better measured the value added by Pepsi products than did gross margin, the traditional metric used by retailers to determine shelf space and promotional activity. The new metric, cash flow productivity, captured the value of... View Details
Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Cash Flow; Measurement and Metrics; Distribution; Performance Productivity; Value Creation; Food and Beverage Industry; Retail Industry
Martinez Jerez, F. Asis, and Lisa Brem. "Cash Flow Productivity at PepsiCo: Communicating Value to Retailers." Harvard Business School Case 111-069, March 2011.
- October 23, 2003
- Article
Avoiding Free Cash Flow Traps
By: David Hawkins
Keywords: Cash Flow
Hawkins, David. "Avoiding Free Cash Flow Traps." Accounting Bulletin, no. 123 (October 23, 2003).
- December 2002
- Background Note
Simulation of Prices, Rates and Cash Flows (B)
Considers more advanced issues required for complete cash flow simulation, including residual diagnostics (to determine whether a process has been identified correctly), simulation of nonmarket risk variables, and real options. View Details
Shimko, David C. "Simulation of Prices, Rates and Cash Flows (B)." Harvard Business School Background Note 203-057, December 2002.
- June 2002
- Article
Assessing Operating Cash Flow Quality
By: David F. Hawkins
Hawkins, David F. "Assessing Operating Cash Flow Quality." Accounting Bulletin, no. 107 (June 2002).
- July 2020 (Revised September 2020)
- Case
Cash Flow Statements and Analysis
By: Paul Healy
Healy, Paul. "Cash Flow Statements and Analysis." Harvard Business School Case 121-019, July 2020. (Revised September 2020.)
- January 2020 (Revised December 2020)
- Technical Note
The Cash Flow Curve in Startups
By: Stig Leschly
Leschly, Stig. "The Cash Flow Curve in Startups." Harvard Business School Technical Note 820-091, January 2020. (Revised December 2020.)
- January 1989
- Article
Decent Cash Flow Numbers at Last: Understanding and Using the New GAAP Cash Flow Statements
By: David F. Hawkins
- May 1995
- Teaching Note
Note on Valuing Equity Cash Flows (TN)
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
Teaching Note for (9-295-085). View Details
- September 1992 (Revised September 1992)
- Case
Northrop Corporation: Statement of Cash Flow
Wilson, G. Peter. "Northrop Corporation: Statement of Cash Flow." Harvard Business School Case 193-026, September 1992. (Revised September 1992.)
- 2000
- Mimeo
Capital Cash Flows: A Simple Approach to Valuing Risky Cash Flows
By: R. S. Ruback
Ruback, R. S. "Capital Cash Flows: A Simple Approach to Valuing Risky Cash Flows." 2000. Mimeo.