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- All HBS Web
(983)
- News (200)
- Research (612)
- Multimedia (20)
- Faculty Publications (410)
- 2023
- Working Paper
Accounting for Carbon Offsets – Establishing the Foundation for Carbon-Trading Markets
By: Robert S. Kaplan, Karthik Ramanna and Marc Roston
Tackling climate change requires reductions in current and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as the removal of existing GHG from the atmosphere. Carbon-offset producers purport to provide such removals. But poor measurement practices and inadequate controls... View Details
Kaplan, Robert S., Karthik Ramanna, and Marc Roston. "Accounting for Carbon Offsets – Establishing the Foundation for Carbon-Trading Markets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-050, February 2023.
- May 2025
- Teaching Note
Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits
By: Michael W. Toffel and Adam Chen
Teaching note to support the Calyx Global: Ratinng Carbon Credits case (HBS No. 625-102) View Details
- May 2023 (Revised July 2023)
- Case
Ferrari: Shifting to Carbon Neutrality
By: Raffaella Sadun, Elena Corsi and Leila Doumi
A sports car manufacturer commits to carbon neutrality and to electrifying a large part of its car fleet. View Details
Keywords: Strategic Planning; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Leadership Style; Auto Industry; Italy
Sadun, Raffaella, Elena Corsi, and Leila Doumi. "Ferrari: Shifting to Carbon Neutrality." Harvard Business School Case 723-446, May 2023. (Revised July 2023.)
- June 2008 (Revised October 2008)
- Case
International Carbon Finance and EcoSecurities
By: Andre F. Perold, Forest L. Reinhardt and Mikell Hyman
In late 2007, EcoSecurities had to decide whether to undertake a new Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in China. EcoSecurities was an aggregator of carbon credits and also invested directly in projects that produced carbon credits. Governments and firms... View Details
Keywords: Non-Renewable Energy; Cost Management; Investment Return; Business and Government Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Investment; Cash Flow; Valuation; Pollutants; Environmental Sustainability; Financial Services Industry; China
Perold, Andre F., Forest L. Reinhardt, and Mikell Hyman. "International Carbon Finance and EcoSecurities." Harvard Business School Case 208-151, June 2008. (Revised October 2008.)
- 17 Nov 2015
- News
Carbon Neutral
1979), Minnick is pressing for a simple solution to curb emissions by putting a tax on carbon that would be assessed where the carbon enters the market, at the mine mouth or oil refinery, and then passed on... View Details
Keywords: Michael Blanding
- 2021
- Working Paper
Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets
By: David Freiberg, Jody Grewal and George Serafeim
We examine the effect of voluntarily adopting a standard for setting science-based carbon emissions targets on target difficulty and investments to achieve those targets. We find that firms with a track record of setting and achieving ambitious carbon targets are more... View Details
Keywords: Target; Targeting; Target-setting; Target Efficiency; Management Control Systems; Management Accounting; Environment; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Sustainability; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
Freiberg, David, Jody Grewal, and George Serafeim. "Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-108, March 2021.
- October 2010 (Revised July 2013)
- Case
AEP: Carbon Capture and Storage
By October 2010, American Electric Power, the largest coal-fired, electric utility in the United States, had been operating a carbon capture and sequestration pilot plant for one year. Using a proprietary, Alstom chilled ammonia technology, AEP was capturing and... View Details
Keywords: Energy Generation; Government Legislation; Technological Innovation; Partners and Partnerships; Projects; Decision Choices and Conditions; Environmental Sustainability; Problems and Challenges; Utilities Industry; United States
Vietor, Richard H.K. "AEP: Carbon Capture and Storage." Harvard Business School Case 711-036, October 2010. (Revised July 2013.)
- April 2024
- Teaching Note
Ferrari: Shifting to Carbon Neutrality
By: Raffaella Sadun
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 723-446. A sports car manufacturer commits to carbon neutrality and to electrifying a large part of its car fleet. View Details
- July–August 2023
- Article
Accounting for Carbon Offsets
By: Robert S. Kaplan, Karthik Ramanna and Marc Roston
Markets for carbon trading function poorly, and many traded offsets do not actually perform as promised. Without robust protocols for monitoring offsets and in the absence of proper accounting mechanisms, market-based approaches to reducing atmospheric GHG will be... View Details
Kaplan, Robert S., Karthik Ramanna, and Marc Roston. "Accounting for Carbon Offsets." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 4 (July–August 2023): 126–137.
- 2022
- Case
Interface: The Journey Toward Carbon Negative
By: Andrew J. Hoffman
Interface has been a leading innovator in the carpet industry, specializing in the manufacturing of carpet tiles for commercial flooring. This case describes the history, context, and technology behind the company's development of its newest sustainable... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Innovation and Invention; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Accounting
Hoffman, Andrew J. "Interface: The Journey Toward Carbon Negative." William Davidson Institute Case 2-341-083, 2022.
- December 2022
- Technical Note
Risks and Opportunities from the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy: A Business Analysis Framework
By: George Serafeim
The transition to a low carbon economy introduces many risks and opportunities for businesses. Risks emerge from regulatory actions, such as carbon taxes and cap and trade systems, technological innovation that develop alternatives for customers making existing... View Details
Keywords: Risk Assessment; Opportunities; Environmental Sustainability; Carbon Footprint; Risk Management; Competitive Dynamics; Business Analysis; Climate Change; Accounting; Finance; Valuation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Technological Innovation; Transition; Product Positioning; Renewable Energy; Analysis
Serafeim, George. "Risks and Opportunities from the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy: A Business Analysis Framework." Harvard Business School Technical Note 123-014, December 2022.
Are Carbon Tariffs Protectionism or Climate Policy?
Some argue that carbon tariffs — carbon costs imposed on imports entering an emission-regulated region — are simply protectionism being peddled as climate policy. Our results suggest otherwise. The implementation of a carbon tariff decreases global emissions... View Details
- February 2011
- Supplement
Carbon Trading Simulation: Black Cement Inc.
By: Peter A. Coles
This simulation presents students the opportunity to experience firsthand the economics of carbon markets and permit trading. Each student has private role information about a company he or she manages. The student must make decisions about pollution-reducing... View Details
Keywords: Market Design; Pollutants; Investment; Price; Profit; Agreements and Arrangements; Decisions; Service Industry; Energy Industry
Coles, Peter A. "Carbon Trading Simulation: Black Cement Inc." Harvard Business School Supplement 911-053, February 2011.
- 11 Sep 2017
- Video
Are Carbon Tariffs Protectionism or Climate Policy?
- November 2008 (Revised March 2009)
- Case
South Pole Carbon Asset Management-Going for Gold?
By: Forest L. Reinhardt, Jost Hamschmidt and Mikell Hyman
In late 2008, Christoph Sutter, CEO of South Pole Carbon Asset Management, reflects on his firm's early success at originating carbon credits in developing nations and selling them to governments and firms that seek to offset their greenhouse gas emissions voluntarily... View Details
Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Non-Renewable Energy; Entrepreneurship; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Strategy
Reinhardt, Forest L., Jost Hamschmidt, and Mikell Hyman. "South Pole Carbon Asset Management-Going for Gold?" Harvard Business School Case 709-030, November 2008. (Revised March 2009.)
- October 7, 2021
- Article
Carbon Might Be Your Company’s Biggest Financial Liability
By: Robert G. Eccles and John Mulliken
The price of carbon may be zero in many places today, but it’s unlikely to remain zero for long. That means that many companies have hidden liabilities on their books. To cover their carbon short position, executives can take several steps: Measure the position in... View Details
Keywords: Climate Risk; Climate Finance; Risk Management; Governance; Environmental Accounting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability
Eccles, Robert G., and John Mulliken. "Carbon Might Be Your Company’s Biggest Financial Liability." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 7, 2021).
- February 2010 (Revised April 2011)
- Case
The Political Economy of Carbon Trading
By: Forest L. Reinhardt, J. Gunnar Trumbull, Mikell Hyman, Patia McGrath and Nazli Zeynep Uludere
Global climate change is an increasingly prominent political and business problem. Design of market-based systems to reduce carbon emissions has proven difficult. More broadly, national attempts to comply with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol present both... View Details
Keywords: Policy; International Relations; Risk Management; Agreements and Arrangements; Business and Government Relations; Natural Environment; Pollutants; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Public Administration Industry
Reinhardt, Forest L., J. Gunnar Trumbull, Mikell Hyman, Patia McGrath, and Nazli Zeynep Uludere. "The Political Economy of Carbon Trading." Harvard Business School Case 710-056, February 2010. (Revised April 2011.)