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  • February 2019 (Revised May 2021)
  • Case

Electric Car Wars, 2018

By: John R. Wells and Benjamin Weinstock
Electric cars had long been championed by environmentalists as a superior solution to the internal combustion engine (ICE), but, despite large government incentives and strong pioneering efforts by a few automakers over the years, electric and hybrid cars and light... View Details
Keywords: Electric Vehicle; Electric Vehicles; Electricity; Electric Motors; Electric Power Generation; Electricity Usage; Electricity Distribution; Internal Combustion Vehicle; Auto Manufacturing; Automobile Manufacturing; Automotive Industry; Tesla; General Motors; History; Nissan; Innovation; Batteries; Battery; Subsidies; Government Initiatives; Government Incentives; Political Issues; Energy Generation; Production; Infrastructure; Innovation and Invention; Government Legislation; Global Range; Business History; Auto Industry; China
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Wells, John R., and Benjamin Weinstock. "Electric Car Wars, 2018." Harvard Business School Case 719-470, February 2019. (Revised May 2021.)
  • 2025
  • Working Paper

How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions

By: Christian Kaps and Arielle Anderer
Learning curves, the fact that technologies improve as a function of cumulative experience or investment, are desirable-think inexpensive solar panels or higher performing semiconductors. But, for firms that need to pick one technology among several candidates, such as... View Details
Keywords: Learning Curve; Technology; Innovation; Batteries; Energy Storage; Sequential Decision Making; TELCO; Exploration; Exploitation; Problems and Challenges; Cost vs Benefits; Technology Adoption; Battery Industry
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Kaps, Christian, and Arielle Anderer. "How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions." Working Paper, March 2025.
  • March 1, 2021
  • Article

Transitioning to Clean Energy Transportation Services: Life-cycle Cost Analysis for Vehicle Fleets

By: Stephen Comello, Gunther Glenk and Stefan Reichelstein
Comprehensive global decarbonization requires that transportation services cease to rely on fossil fuels for power generation. This paper develops a generic, time-driven life-cycle cost model for mobility services to address two closely related questions central to the... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Electric Vehicles; Renewable Energy; Biofuel; Carbon Emissions; Mobility; Batteries; Energy; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting; Transportation; Operations; Management; Sustainable Cities; Decision Making; Investment; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Europe; North America; South America; Africa; Asia
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Comello, Stephen, Gunther Glenk, and Stefan Reichelstein. "Transitioning to Clean Energy Transportation Services: Life-cycle Cost Analysis for Vehicle Fleets." Art. 116408. Applied Energy 285 (March 1, 2021).
  • September 2021 (Revised March 2024)
  • Case

Tesla in 2023: 'Electrified' Competition

By: Eric Van den Steen, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
Over its 17 years in existence, Tesla had redefined people’s view of electric cars, and in 2020, the company saw its stock rise by more than 700% to became the most valuable carmaker in the world. In December 2020, Tesla celebrated its fifth consecutive quarter of... View Details
Keywords: Barrier To Entry; Competitive Advantage; Innovation; Tesla; Automotive Industry; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; Values; Vision; Learning By Doing; Economies Of Scale; Electric Vehicle; Scenario Planning; Batteries; Competitive Strategy; Product Positioning; Profit; Competition; Industry Growth; Auto Industry
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Van den Steen, Eric, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Karen Elterman. "Tesla in 2023: 'Electrified' Competition." Harvard Business School Case 722-375, September 2021. (Revised March 2024.)
  • May 2019
  • Case

Elon Musk's Big Bets Update, 2019

By: David B. Yoffie and Daniel Fisher
This short case provides an update to Elon Musk's strategy and tactical moves with Tesla, Solar City, and SpaceX from 2016-2019. View Details
Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Batteries; Solar Power; Execution; Space Flight; Tesla; SolarCity; SpaceX; Elon Musk; Information Technology; Risk and Uncertainty; Expansion; Renewable Energy; Strategy; Investment; Manufacturing Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Manufacturing Industry
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Yoffie, David B., and Daniel Fisher. "Elon Musk's Big Bets Update, 2019." Harvard Business School Case 719-512, May 2019.
  • February 2018
  • Teaching Plan

Tesla in 2015

By: Lynda M. Applegate, Olivia Hull and Sarah Mehta
Teaching Note for HBS No. 817-081. View Details
Keywords: Electric Vehicle; Internal Combustion Vehicle; Battery; Product Distribution; Platform Disruption; Vertical Integration; Patents; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Energy; Entrepreneurship; Leading Change; Product Marketing; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Transportation; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; California
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Applegate, Lynda M., Olivia Hull, and Sarah Mehta. "Tesla in 2015." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 818-009, February 2018.
  • December 2018 (Revised May 2021)
  • Background Note

Making UK Energy Smarter

By: John R. Wells and Benjamin Weinstock
This case describes the history of the United Kingdom's domestic energy industry and the country's efforts to create a more competitive, greener, and distributed power sector. On July 24, 2017, the United Kingdom government and the industry regulator, the Office of Gas... View Details
Keywords: Energy Policy; Regulation; Energy Markets; Subsidies; Oligopolistic Competition; Barriers To Entry; Wholesale; Electric Vehicle; Batteries; Energy Storage; Competition Policy; Energy; Policy; Renewable Energy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Vertical Integration; Competition; Market Entry and Exit; Disruption; Energy Industry; United Kingdom
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Wells, John R., and Benjamin Weinstock. "Making UK Energy Smarter." Harvard Business School Background Note 719-438, December 2018. (Revised May 2021.)
  • 2022
  • Article

Reversible Power-to-Gas Systems for Energy Conversion and Storage

By: Gunther Glenk and Stefan Reichelstein
In the transition to decarbonized energy systems, Power-to-Gas (PtG) processes have the potential to connect the existing markets for electricity and hydrogen. Specifically, reversible PtG systems can convert electricity to hydrogen at times of ample power supply, yet... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Energy Storage; Renewable Energy; Batteries; Carbon Emissions; Green Hydrogen; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Energy; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Decision Making; Investment; Operations; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Europe; North America; South America; Africa; Asia
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Glenk, Gunther, and Stefan Reichelstein. "Reversible Power-to-Gas Systems for Energy Conversion and Storage." Art. 2010. Nature Communications 13 (2022).
  • April 2006 (Revised September 2009)
  • Case

BYD Company, Ltd.

By: Robert S. Huckman and Alan D. MacCormack
Considers whether BYD Co., Ltd., the largest Chinese maker of rechargeable batteries, should enter the Chinese automobile industry by acquiring Qinchuan Auto, a state-owned car manufacturer. Set just after BYD's initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Labor; Production; Competitive Advantage; Diversification; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; China
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Huckman, Robert S., and Alan D. MacCormack. "BYD Company, Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 606-139, April 2006. (Revised September 2009.)
  • May 2006
  • Case

A123Systems

By: H. Kent Bowen, Kenneth P Morse and Douglass Cannon
A 123Systems was a young company that was founded on basic materials science research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A co-founder of the company, Yet-Ming Chiang, was a full professor at MIT and served as scientific adviser. Intellectual property based... View Details
Keywords: Intellectual Property; Business Startups; Research and Development; Commercialization; Technological Innovation; Science-Based Business; Product Development; Battery Industry; Battery Industry; Massachusetts
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Bowen, H. Kent, Kenneth P Morse, and Douglass Cannon. "A123Systems." Harvard Business School Case 606-114, May 2006.
  • February 2011 (Revised July 2013)
  • Case

A123 Systems: Power. Safety. Life.

By: Richard H.K. Vietor
A123 Systems, the largest manufacturer of lithium ion batteries in North America, is producing and selling batteries for electric vehicles in China and electric buses in Europe and America. It just opened two plants in Michigan, partially funded by a grant from... View Details
Keywords: Business or Company Management; Diversification; Machinery and Machining; Renewable Energy; Transportation; Management Skills; Corporate Finance; Auto Industry; Auto Industry
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Vietor, Richard H.K. "A123 Systems: Power. Safety. Life." Harvard Business School Case 711-066, February 2011. (Revised July 2013.)
  • January 2022 (Revised August 2022)
  • Case

Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms

By: Willy C. Shih and Shu Lin
Kent Bovellan, the Chief Engineer and Head of the Vehicle Architecture Center for Geely Holding, the Hangzhou, China headquartered global automotive group, was debating the platform choice for an upcoming "D" segment midsized battery electric vehicle (BEV). He had led... View Details
Keywords: Product Innovation; Product Architecture; Product Engineering; Platform Design; Platform Strategy; Information Infrastructure; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Product Design; Product Development; Cost Management; Decision Making; Competitive Strategy; Industry Structures; Auto Industry; China; Sweden
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Shih, Willy C., and Shu Lin. "Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms." Harvard Business School Case 622-001, January 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
  • June 2024
  • Simulation

Vehicle Lifecycle Emissions Calculator

By: Mike Toffel, Shirley Lu and George Serafeim
This Vehicle Lifecycle Emissions Calculator calculates the greenhouse gas emissions over the lifespan of internal combustion engine (ICEs) vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), including those associated with their... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation; Transportation Industry; Transportation Industry; Transportation Industry
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Toffel, Mike, Shirley Lu, and George Serafeim. "Vehicle Lifecycle Emissions Calculator." Harvard Business School Simulation 124-721, June 2024.
  • April 1971 (Revised February 1984)
  • Case

Gould, Inc.: Graphics Division

Describes the decision of a battery manufacturer to diversify into the computer field through acquisition and the development of a new product. Among the issues to be discussed are the company product fit, phases in new product introduction, product positioning, and... View Details
Keywords: Diversification; Market Entry and Exit; Acquisition; Product Development; Computer Industry; Computer Industry
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Sorenson, Ralph Z., and Ulrich E. Wiechmann. "Gould, Inc.: Graphics Division." Harvard Business School Case 571-071, April 1971. (Revised February 1984.)
  • February 2011 (Revised November 2012)
  • Case

Aquion Energy

By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and David Kiron
Leaders at Aquion Energy, a Pittsburgh-based battery start-up, are deciding on a market entry strategy. Should they pursue the large but unproven grid utility market or a smaller, but higher margin market? View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Production; Business Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Innovation Strategy; Disruptive Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Performance Capacity; Energy Industry
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Eisenmann, Thomas R., and David Kiron. "Aquion Energy." Harvard Business School Case 811-047, February 2011. (Revised November 2012.)
  • October 1993 (Revised July 1995)
  • Case

Microlite S.A.: The Pan-Orient Decision

As Brazil begins lowering its tariffs on imports, Microlite S.A., the country's largest producer of dry-cell batteries, is faced with becoming internationally competitive. It is consolidating production of zinc-carbon batteries in its northeast plant, presenting the... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Production; Trade; Battery Industry; Brazil
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Gray, Ann E. "Microlite S.A.: The Pan-Orient Decision." Harvard Business School Case 694-055, October 1993. (Revised July 1995.)
  • June 2005 (Revised July 2006)
  • Case

fortu PowerCell GmbH

By: Michael J. Roberts, William A. Sahlman, Vincent Dessain, Monika Stachowiak and Anders Sjoman
Describes the financing, strategy, and growth decisions facing fortu, a young German battery company. The company is contemplating a facility in East Germany, where state subsidies make the finances appealing. A sudden offer to license fortu technology for application... View Details
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Financing and Loans; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Battery Industry; Germany
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Roberts, Michael J., William A. Sahlman, Vincent Dessain, Monika Stachowiak, and Anders Sjoman. "fortu PowerCell GmbH." Harvard Business School Case 805-159, June 2005. (Revised July 2006.)
  • May 2002
  • Case

Venture Capital Fund Restructuring Vignettes (Abridged)

By: Paul A. Gompers
This case examines the changes in fund structures proposed by four venture capital firms in 2002: Accel Partners, Battery Ventures, Charles River Ventures, and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. The venture capital market has experienced a major downturn, and these... View Details
Keywords: Venture Capital; Restructuring; Financial Crisis; Motivation and Incentives; Business and Shareholder Relations; Investment Funds; Financial Services Industry
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Gompers, Paul A. "Venture Capital Fund Restructuring Vignettes (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 202-126, May 2002.
  • February 2024 (Revised February 2025)
  • Case

Financing Matillion's Scaleup (A)

By: Raymond Kluender, Emanuele Colonnelli and Ramana Nanda
In 2019, Matthew Scullion, founder and CEO of U.K. startup Matillion, faced a decision about which term sheet to accept for the lead investor in his company’s $35 million Series C financing round. Would the connections and opportunities offered by Silicon Valley-based... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Negotiation; Ownership; Business Startups; Decisions; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Valuation; Information Technology Industry; United Kingdom
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Kluender, Raymond, Emanuele Colonnelli, and Ramana Nanda. "Financing Matillion's Scaleup (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-140, February 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
  • August 2023
  • Case

BYD, China, and Global Electric Vehicle Rivalry

By: Cynthia A. Montgomery and Max Hancock
In 2023, BYD, a Chinese electric vehicle (EV) maker, surpassed Tesla to become the world's best-selling EV brand. BYD began selling mobile phone batteries in 1995, acquired a license to sell vehicles in 2002, and spent two decades building its EV brand, growing its... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Segmentation; Vertical Integration; Market Participation; Environmental Sustainability; Auto Industry; Electronics Industry; China; Europe; United States; Japan; South Korea
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Montgomery, Cynthia A., and Max Hancock. "BYD, China, and Global Electric Vehicle Rivalry." Harvard Business School Case 724-358, August 2023.
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