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      • December 2022 (Revised August 2023)
      • Case

      Circles.Life at a Crossroads of Growth

      By: Juan Alcácer and Adina Wong
      In June 2022, the founders of Singapore mobile operator Circles.Life had a crucial decision to make. Circles.Life developed a new business model in mobile telecommunications—a digital telco—built around its proprietary operating system. After expanding its brand in... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Applications and Software; Business Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Singapore
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Adina Wong. "Circles.Life at a Crossroads of Growth." Harvard Business School Case 723-404, December 2022. (Revised August 2023.)
      • December 2022 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Iberdrola: Leading the Energy Revolution

      By: Juan Alcácer and Emer Moloney
      At the end of 2019, Ignacio Galán, the Chairman and CEO of the world's third largest utility, Iberdrola, reflected on his almost 20 years at the company. He managed a portfolio of three very different businesses, each with their own specific opportunities and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Energy Generation; Energy Sources; Non-Renewable Energy; Renewable Energy; Engineering; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Leadership; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Timing; Industry Growth; Mission and Purpose; Strategy; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Utilities Industry; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Spain; United Kingdom; United States; Brazil; Mexico
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Emer Moloney. "Iberdrola: Leading the Energy Revolution." Harvard Business School Case 723-398, December 2022. (Revised May 2023.)
      • December 13, 2022
      • Article

      6 Ways Companies Fail to Help Workers Grow

      By: Joseph Fuller, Matthew Sigelman and Nik Dawson
      The authors recently studied Fortune 250 companies and ranked them based on the lived experience of three million of their U.S. workers. One of their key findings was that even top-ranked firms fail to deliver consistently on worker advancement. To understand why this... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Training; Business Model; Outcome or Result; Performance Evaluation; Opportunities
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      Fuller, Joseph, Matthew Sigelman, and Nik Dawson. "6 Ways Companies Fail to Help Workers Grow." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 13, 2022).
      • December 2022
      • Article

      Cost Standard Set Program: Moving Forward to Standardization of Cost Assessment Based on Clinical Condition

      By: Anna Paula Beck da Silva Etges, Richard D. Urman, Anne Geubelle, Robert Kaplan and Carisi Anne Polanczyk
      This communication announces the International Cost Standard Set Program. Its goal is to establish global standardized frameworks for measuring the costs of treating specific clinical conditions. A scientific committee, including 16 international healthcare cost... View Details
      Keywords: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing; Value-based Health Care; Cost; Health Care and Treatment; Activity Based Costing and Management; Health Industry
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      da Silva Etges, Anna Paula Beck, Richard D. Urman, Anne Geubelle, Robert Kaplan, and Carisi Anne Polanczyk. "Cost Standard Set Program: Moving Forward to Standardization of Cost Assessment Based on Clinical Condition." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 11, no. 17 (December 2022): 1219–1223.
      • December 2022
      • Supplement

      Freelancer, Ltd. Case Supplement

      By: Christopher Stanton, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik and Nina Cohodes
      Over the course of the 2010s, the rapid advancement of mobile technologies and the rise of online freelancing platforms seemed to portend a radical transformation of labor markets into on-demand, flexible talent pools. Even though several Fortune 500 companies,... View Details
      Keywords: Labor Markets; Freelancers; Change Management; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Globalized Firms and Management; Human Capital; Employment; Digital Platforms; Global Range; Adoption; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Computer Industry; Electronics Industry; Employment Industry; Information Industry; Australia; United States; Philippines
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      Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd. Case Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 823-707, December 2022. (Click here to access this case.)
      • December 2022
      • Article

      Social Skills Improve Business Performance: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial with Entrepreneurs in Togo

      By: Stefan Dimitriadis and Rembrand Koning
      Recent field experiments demonstrate that advice, mentorship, and feedback from randomly assigned peers improve entrepreneurial performance. These results raise a natural question: what is preventing entrepreneurs and managers from forming these peer connections... View Details
      Keywords: Social Skills; Business Performance; Entrepreneurs; Peer Relationships; Field Experiment; Entrepreneurship; Performance; Relationships; Interpersonal Communication; Togo
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      Dimitriadis, Stefan, and Rembrand Koning. "Social Skills Improve Business Performance: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial with Entrepreneurs in Togo." Management Science 68, no. 12 (December 2022): 8635–8657.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States

      By: Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade and Beatriz Pousada
      We characterize the contribution of immigrants to US innovation, both through their direct productivity as well as through their indirect spillover effects on their native collaborators. To do so, we link patent records to a database containing the first five digits of... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Economic Growth; Immigrants; Innovation and Invention; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Patents; Innovation Strategy
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      Bernstein, Shai, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada. "The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-065, December 2021. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30797, December 2022.)
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2023)
      • Case

      OneSmart

      By: Nien-he Hsieh, Meg Rithmire and Shu Lin
      At the end of 2021, Xi “Steve” Zhang was facing an existential crisis for himself and his business. OneSmart was a premium educational company founded in 2008 offering K-12 afterschool tutoring for students nationwide under a number of brands. The company was founded... View Details
      Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Crisis Management; Failure; Education Industry; China
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      Hsieh, Nien-he, Meg Rithmire, and Shu Lin. "OneSmart." Harvard Business School Case 723-017, November 2022. (Revised March 2023.)
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot

      By: Julian De Freitas and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In early 2018, Eugenia Kuyda, co-founder and CEO of San Francisco-based chatbot Replika AI, was deciding how to monetize the app she had built. Launched in 2017, Replika was a consumer AI “companion app” developed by a team of AI software engineers originally based in... View Details
      Keywords: Mental Health; Subscriber Models; TAM; Monetization Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Product Positioning; Health Disorders; Technology Industry
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      De Freitas, Julian, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot." Harvard Business School Case 523-016, November 2022. (Revised March 2024.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Wendy Estrella: Scaling Multiple Businesses

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Sarah Mehta
      Entrepreneur Wendy Estrella, a self-made, Latina millionaire based in Lawrence, Massachusetts, is attempting to simultaneously scale her law practice as well as her property management and development company. What path should she take for each and can she do it all,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Change; Competency and Skills; Decision Making; Demographics; Entrepreneurship; Personal Development and Career; Legal Services Industry; Real Estate Industry; Massachusetts
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Sarah Mehta. "Wendy Estrella: Scaling Multiple Businesses." Harvard Business School Case 823-016, November 2022.
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      This case teaches key success factors for both startup and established MedTech firms. It examines how to structure a firm to maximize innovation and financial returns with organizational structures that better align the incentives for the different skill sets... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Success; Innovation Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Market Entry and Exit; Financial Strategy; Business Model; Partners and Partnerships; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Technology Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 323-043, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised April 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Teaching note in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008) View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Germany; Europe; China; United States
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-049, November 2022. (Revised April 2025.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Tiffany Farrell
      Can an online, direct-to-consumer pharmacy both improve the quality and speed of care for patients who need branded drugs and stabilize profits for pharmaceutical manufacturers? UpScript, after years spent achieving legal and regulatory compliance and simultaneous... View Details
      Keywords: DTC; Internet and the Web; Marketing Channels; Customer Value and Value Chain; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competitive Strategy; Service Delivery; Growth and Development Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Retail Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Tiffany Farrell. "The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales." Harvard Business School Case 323-031, November 2022.
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Para: Pay Transparency and Gig Drivers' Rights

      By: Christopher Stanton and George Gonzalez
      The case presents the founding vision and early days of a young startup that seeks to empower delivery drivers with tools and transparency. The company's flagship mobile app has been taken up by tens of thousands of delivery drivers across major U.S. cities who use it... View Details
      Keywords: Gig Workers; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Applications and Software; Disruptive Innovation; Compensation and Benefits; Technology Industry; San Francisco
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      Stanton, Christopher, and George Gonzalez. "Para: Pay Transparency and Gig Drivers' Rights." Harvard Business School Case 823-072, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised October 2024)
      • Case

      'A Marshall Plan for Africa': James Mwangi and Equity Group Holdings

      By: Caroline M. Elkins, Debora L. Spar, Zeke Gillman and Julia M. Comeau
      Financial Inclusion. Dignity. Trust. These were the core principles driving James Mwangi’s transformation of Equity Building Society, insolvent in 1991, into what is, today, Equity Group Holdings, East and Central Africa’s largest retail banking institution. Raised in... View Details
      Keywords: Income Inequality; Micro Finance; Microcredit; Microfinance; Banks and Banking; Equality and Inequality; Mission and Purpose; Business Model; Social Entrepreneurship; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Africa; Kenya
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      Elkins, Caroline M., Debora L. Spar, Zeke Gillman, and Julia M. Comeau. "'A Marshall Plan for Africa': James Mwangi and Equity Group Holdings." Harvard Business School Case 323-048, November 2022. (Revised October 2024.)
      • November 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group

      By: Maria P. Roche, Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez and Amy Klopfenstein
      This case describes the efforts of City Football Group (CFG) to purchase Esporte Clube Bahia (Bahia), a Brazilian professional soccer club. CFG’s strategy was to acquire under-performing clubs worldwide, invest money in high-profile players, and improve the teams’... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Acquisition; Business Conglomerates; Geography; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Globalization; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Organizations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Sports; Strategy; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Diversification; Expansion; Sports Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; England; South America; Brazil
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      Roche, Maria P., Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez, and Amy Klopfenstein. "The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group." Harvard Business School Case 723-391, November 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Arcos Dorados’ Quest for the Digitalization of Last-Mile Delivery in Colombia

      By: Jorge Tamayo, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      In 2018, Francisco Staton, Managing Director of Arcos Dorados in Colombia had to decide on the company’s strategy to expand its food ordering and delivery business in the country. Arcos Dorados stood as McDonald’s largest independent franchisee, and Colombia was one of... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Transformation; Delivery; McDonald's; Latin America; Quick Serve Restaurants; QSR; Transformation; Decision Making; Decision Choices and Conditions; Global Strategy; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Agreements and Arrangements; Negotiation Tactics; Logistics; Service Delivery; Organizational Culture; Performance Improvement; Partners and Partnerships; Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Latin America; South America; Colombia
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      Tamayo, Jorge, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Arcos Dorados’ Quest for the Digitalization of Last-Mile Delivery in Colombia." Harvard Business School Case 723-395, November 2022.
      • November–December 2022
      • Article

      Number One in Formula One: Leadership Lessons from Toto Wolff and Mercedes, the Team behind One of the Greatest Winning Streaks in All of Sports

      By: Anita Elberse
      Toto Wolff, the team principal for Mercedes-AMG Petronas—arguably the most impressive team in F1 racing history—has led his organization to unparalleled success. Mercedes earned the Constructors’ Championship (for best overall team performance) every year from 2014... View Details
      Keywords: Formula One; Leadership; Organizational Culture; Management Style; Success
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      Elberse, Anita. "Number One in Formula One: Leadership Lessons from Toto Wolff and Mercedes, the Team behind One of the Greatest Winning Streaks in All of Sports." Harvard Business Review (November–December 2022): 70–78.
      • 13 Oct 2022
      • Other Presentation

      4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Disruptive Innovation

      By: Amy Bernstein, Rita McGrath, Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Derek van Bever
      A roundtable conversation takes stock of Clayton Christensen’s influential theory. This first in a series of roundtable conversations assessing the origins and impact of four breakthrough ideas.

      In the 1980s, Clayton Christensen cofounded a startup that... View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation
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      "4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Disruptive Innovation." HBR IdeaCast (podcast), Harvard Business Review Group, October 13, 2022.
      • 20 Oct 2022
      • Other Presentation

      4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Shareholder Value

      By: Adi Ignatius, Lynn Paine, Mihir Desai and Carola Frydman
      A roundtable conversation appraises the 50-year reign of shareholder primacy and the growing backlash against it today.

      The idea that maximizing shareholder value takes legal and practical precedence above all else first came to prominence in the 1970s. The... View Details
      Keywords: Shareholder Value Maximization; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      "4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Shareholder Value." HBR IdeaCast (podcast), Harvard Business Review Group, October 20, 2022.
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