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    Applications or Approvals: What Drives Racial Disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program?

    We use the 2020 Small Business Credit Survey to study the sources of racial disparities in use of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). Black-owned firms are 8.9 percentage points less likely to receive PPP loans than observably similar white-owned firms. About... View Details
    • Article

    Oracle Efficient Private Non-Convex Optimization

    By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, Giuseppe Vietri and Zhiwei Steven Wu
    One of the most effective algorithms for differentially private learning and optimization is objective perturbation. This technique augments a given optimization problem (e.g. deriving from an ERM problem) with a random linear term, and then exactly solves it.... View Details
    Keywords: Machine Learning; Algorithms; Objective Perturbation; Mathematical Methods
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    • 2023
    • Working Paper

    Applications or Approvals: What Drives Racial Disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program?

    By: Sergey Chernenko, Nathan Kaplan, Asani Sarkar and David S. Scharfstein
    We use the 2020 Small Business Credit Survey to study the sources of racial disparities in use of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). Black-owned firms are 8.9 percentage points less likely than observably similar white-owned firms to receive PPP loans. About 55% of... View Details
    Keywords: Borrowing and Debt; Small Business; Race; Financing and Loans
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    • March 2022
    • Article

    Where to Locate COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Facilities?

    By: Dimitris Bertsimas, Vassilis Digalakis Jr, Alexander Jacquillat, Michael Lingzhi Li and Alessandro Previero
    The outbreak of COVID-19 led to a record-breaking race to develop a vaccine. However, the limited vaccine capacity creates another massive challenge: how to distribute vaccines to mitigate the near-end impact of the pandemic? In the United States in particular, the new... View Details
    Keywords: Vaccines; COVID-19; Health Care and Treatment; Health Pandemics; Performance Effectiveness; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods
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    • 2020
    • Working Paper

    Sticky Capital Controls

    By: Miguel Acosta-Henao, Laura Alfaro and Andres Fernandez
    There is much ongoing debate on the merits of capital controls as effective policy instruments. The differing perspectives are due in part to a lack of empirical studies that look at the intensive margin of controls, which in turn has prevented a quantitative... View Details
    Keywords: Capital Controls; Macroprudential Policies; Stickiness; Intensive; (S, S) Costs; Capital; Management; Macroeconomics
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    • January 2018 (Revised November 2018)
    • Case

    Index

    By: Jose Alvarez and Julia Kelley
    In December 2017, Marc Freed-Finnegan and Jonathan Wall, the co-founders of retail technology company Index, had to discuss the company’s direction as they entered 2018. Five years earlier, Freed-Finnegan and Wall had founded Index after observing the technological... View Details
    Keywords: Product Launch; Product Positioning; Sales; Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Retail Industry; Technology Industry
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    • August 1998
    • Case

    Electronic Commerce at Air Products

    By: F. Warren McFarlan and Melissa Dailey
    In 1998,chief information officers (CIOs) in the highly competitive international gases and chemicals business faced the reality that electronic commerce capability was a strategic necessity. The results of annual surveys of technology officers in the chemical industry... View Details
    Keywords: Management Teams; Information Technology; Globalized Markets and Industries; Infrastructure; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Business Strategy; Chemical Industry; United States
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    • Article

    Use of Crowd Innovation to Develop an Artificial Intelligence-Based Solution for Radiation Therapy Targeting

    By: Raymond H. Mak, Michael G. Endres, Jin Hyun Paik, Rinat A. Sergeev, Hugo Aerts, Christopher L. Williams, Karim R. Lakhani and Eva C. Guinan
    Importance: Radiation therapy (RT) is a critical cancer treatment, but the existing radiation oncologist work force does not meet growing global demand. One key physician task in RT planning involves tumor segmentation for targeting, which requires substantial... View Details
    Keywords: Crowdsourcing; AI Algorithms; Health Care and Treatment; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; AI and Machine Learning
    Related
    • 15 Mar 2016
    • First Look

    March 15, 2016

    Case 516-059 Ocado In 2015, U.K.–based Ocado was the world's largest pure player in the online home-delivery grocery business and was gaining a growing share of the highly competitive U.K. grocery market. Ocado had made heavy investments... View Details
    • Web

    Faculty & Research

    HBS Book Space to Grow: Unlocking the Final Economic Frontier By: Matthew Weinzierl and Brendan Rosseau Your guide--using the compelling stories of changemakers and the tools of economics--to the... View Details
    • 2022
    • Article

    OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanations

    By: Chirag Agarwal, Satyapriya Krishna, Eshika Saxena, Martin Pawelczyk, Nari Johnson, Isha Puri, Marinka Zitnik and Himabindu Lakkaraju
    While several types of post hoc explanation methods have been proposed in recent literature, there is very little work on systematically benchmarking these methods. Here, we introduce OpenXAI, a comprehensive and extensible opensource framework for evaluating and... View Details
    Keywords: Measurement and Metrics; Analytics and Data Science
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    • 22 Nov 2023
    • Research & Ideas

    Humans vs. Machines: Untangling the Tasks AI Can (and Can't) Handle

    nuances of its limits. Since ChatGPT debuted a year ago, automation hopes and fears—previously limited to factory floors and supermarket checkout lines—have shaken the ranks of... View Details
    Keywords: by Rachel Layne; Information Technology; Technology
    • August 2015 (Revised May 2017)
    • Case

    TSG Hoffenheim: Football in the Age of Analytics

    By: Feng Zhu, Karim R. Lakhani, Sascha L. Schmidt and Kerry Herman
    In 2015, Dietmar Hopp, owner of Germany's Bundesliga football team TSG Hoffenheim and co-founder of the global enterprise software company SAP, was considering how to ensure long-term sustainability and competitiveness for TSG Hoffenheim. While historically a small... View Details
    Keywords: Information Technology; Measurement and Metrics; Sports; Sports Industry
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    • 26 Mar 2024
    • Research & Ideas

    How Humans Outshine AI in Adapting to Change

    solve other than navigation when it unexpectedly gets stuck in a ditch. “Algorithms can be very good at specialized tasks, and sometimes even have almost superhuman capabilities when confined to specific domains,” says De Freitas, who... View Details
    Keywords: by Rachel Layne; Technology; Information Technology
    • January 1987
    • Article

    Posterior Implementability in a Two-person Decision Problem

    By: Jerry R. Green and Jean-Jacques Laffont
    When a decision rule is implemented using a Bayesian incentive compatible mechanism in which the messages are publicly observable, the players' information is augmented by their observation of each others' strategies. In this paper we study the set of Bayesian... View Details
    Keywords: Incentives; Commitment; Mechanism Design; Decision Making; Information
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    • Research Summary

    Using IT to Leverage Human Resources in Services

    Discussion of the Internet and IT to date concentrates on how they will replace, rather than support, human service providers. While this approach is appropriate for a few firms, it is inadequate for many. The Internet and other information technology... View Details

    • 15 May 2024
    • Research & Ideas

    A Major Roadblock for Autonomous Cars: Motorists Believe They Drive Better

    Think you’re a better driver than most people? You’re not alone. And you may be one reason self-driving cars haven’t taken off. About 77 percent of participants surveyed in a new study rated themselves superior to View Details
    Keywords: by Rachel Layne; Transportation; Auto
    • April 2024 (Revised November 2024)
    • Case

    Moderna: Pioneering a People Platform to Accelerate Science Innovation

    By: Tatiana Sandino, Emil Dy and Samuel Grad
    Moderna was founded in 2010 to explore how messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) could be used to create breakthrough medicines by encoding instructions for the body to create antibodies. When Stéphane Bancel (HBS 2000) took over in 2011, he bet on the potential of this... View Details
    Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Talent and Talent Management; Selection and Staffing; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Strategy; Innovation and Management; Leadership Development; Management Practices and Processes; Management Systems; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Alignment; Employee Relationship Management; Science-Based Business; Expansion; Pharmaceutical Industry; Biotechnology Industry; United States
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    • September 2025
    • Article

    Sticky Capital Controls

    By: Miguel Acosta-Henao, Laura Alfaro and Andrés Fernández
    There is much ongoing debate on the merits of capital controls as effective policy instruments. The differing perspectives are due in part to a lack of empirical studies that look at the intensive margin of controls, which in turn has prevented a quantitative... View Details
    Keywords: Capital Controls; Macroprudential Policies; Stickiness; Intensive; (S, S) Costs; Capital; Management; Macroeconomics; Governance Controls; Mathematical Methods
    Related
    • 2002
    • Other Unpublished Work

    The Effect of Editorial Discretion Book Promotion on Sales at Amazon.com

    By: Benjamin Edelman
    A new dataset collected by the author allows estimation of the effect on book sales of promotional listing on Amazon's editorial discretion pages. Following Goolsbee and Chevalier (2001), sales quantities are inferred from sales rank data freely available on Amazon's... View Details
    Keywords: Online Advertising; Sales; Marketing Strategy; Web Sites; Competition; Books
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