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      • November 2022
      • Case

      The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Tiffany Farrell
      Can an online, direct-to-consumer pharmacy both improve the quality and speed of care for patients who need branded drugs and stabilize profits for pharmaceutical manufacturers? UpScript, after years spent achieving legal and regulatory compliance and simultaneous... View Details
      Keywords: DTC; Internet and the Web; Marketing Channels; Customer Value and Value Chain; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competitive Strategy; Service Delivery; Growth and Development Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Retail Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Tiffany Farrell. "The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales." Harvard Business School Case 323-031, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      UGG Steps into the Metaverse

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Sharon Joseph, Sunil Gupta and Julia Kelley
      In the fall of 2022, boot maker UGG and its parent company, Deckers, were working to position the brand in the nascent but fast growing metaverse. The metaverse, the online realm that individual users could navigate as digital avatars, was becoming more commercialized,... View Details
      Keywords: Metaverse; Digital Marketing; Innovation and Invention; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Social Marketing; Internet and the Web; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Sharon Joseph, Sunil Gupta, and Julia Kelley. "UGG Steps into the Metaverse." Harvard Business School Case 523-013, November 2022. (Revised June 2023.)
      • November 2022
      • Background Note

      The Future of E-Commerce: Lessons from the Livestream Wars in China

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Jeremy Yang and Billy Chan
      This note explores the emerging multi-billion dollar commerce trend of livestream commerce. Livestream commerce is the sale of goods or services directly to consumers via live shows on digital platforms (such as social media or e-commerce platforms). It is a form of... View Details
      Keywords: Retail; Retailing; E-commerce; E-Commerce Strategy; Ecommerce; Channels Of Distribution; Marketing Communication; Livestream Commerce; Marketing; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Advertising; Brands and Branding; Media; Consumer Behavior; Social Media; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Advertising Industry; China; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Jeremy Yang, and Billy Chan. "The Future of E-Commerce: Lessons from the Livestream Wars in China." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-055, November 2022.
      • November 2022
      • Supplement

      Why did you decide to go into the e-bike market

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon. "Why did you decide to go into the e-bike market." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 723-851, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Exercise

      Managing Customer Retention at Teleko

      By: Eva Ascarza
      This exercise aims to teach students about 1) Targeting Policies; and 2) Algorithmic decision making, and 3) Retention management. View Details
      Keywords: Algorithmic Decision Making; Marketing Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      Ascarza, Eva. "Managing Customer Retention at Teleko." Harvard Business School Exercise 523-005, November 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • November 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group

      By: Maria P. Roche, Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez and Amy Klopfenstein
      This case describes the efforts of City Football Group (CFG) to purchase Esporte Clube Bahia (Bahia), a Brazilian professional soccer club. CFG’s strategy was to acquire under-performing clubs worldwide, invest money in high-profile players, and improve the teams’... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Acquisition; Business Conglomerates; Geography; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Globalization; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Organizations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Sports; Strategy; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Diversification; Expansion; Sports Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; England; South America; Brazil
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      Roche, Maria P., Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez, and Amy Klopfenstein. "The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group." Harvard Business School Case 723-391, November 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Arcos Dorados’ Quest for the Digitalization of Last-Mile Delivery in Colombia

      By: Jorge Tamayo, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      In 2018, Francisco Staton, Managing Director of Arcos Dorados in Colombia had to decide on the company’s strategy to expand its food ordering and delivery business in the country. Arcos Dorados stood as McDonald’s largest independent franchisee, and Colombia was one of... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Transformation; Delivery; McDonald's; Latin America; Quick Serve Restaurants; QSR; Transformation; Decision Making; Decision Choices and Conditions; Global Strategy; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Agreements and Arrangements; Negotiation Tactics; Logistics; Service Delivery; Organizational Culture; Performance Improvement; Partners and Partnerships; Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Latin America; South America; Colombia
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      Tamayo, Jorge, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Arcos Dorados’ Quest for the Digitalization of Last-Mile Delivery in Colombia." Harvard Business School Case 723-395, November 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Supplement

      The SAH Group: The Time is Right, Instructor Spreadsheet

      By: Juan Alcacer and Alpana Thapar
      In January 2021, Jalila Mezni, CEO of the SAH Group, was preparing to present the company’s future growth plans to its board of directors. The Tunisian company was a leading producer and distributor of personal care and packaged hygiene products. In 2019, it expanded... View Details
      Keywords: Growth Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Investment Decisions; Growth Management; Vertical Integration; Distribution; Competition; Strategy; Supply Chain; Presentations; Product Positioning; Market Entry and Exit; Consumer Products Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Health Industry; Tunisia
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      Alcacer, Juan, and Alpana Thapar. "The SAH Group: The Time is Right, Instructor Spreadsheet." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 723-862, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Supplement

      The SAH Group: The Time is Right, Spreadsheet Supplement

      By: Juan Alcacer and Alpana Thapar
      In January 2021, Jalila Mezni, CEO of the SAH Group, was preparing to present the company’s future growth plans to its board of directors. The Tunisian company was a leading producer and distributor of personal care and packaged hygiene products. In 2019, it expanded... View Details
      Keywords: Growth Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Investment Decisions; Growth Management; Vertical Integration; Distribution; Competition; Strategy; Supply Chain; Presentations; Market Entry and Exit; Product Positioning; Consumer Products Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Health Industry; Tunisia
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      Alcacer, Juan, and Alpana Thapar. "The SAH Group: The Time is Right, Spreadsheet Supplement." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 723-861, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Supplement

      Single Earth: Science White Paper Supplement

      By: Rembrand Koning and Emer Moloney
      Science White Paper prepared by Single.Earth to give an overview of the models and solutions it has developed. View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Natural Resources; Pollution; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Markets; Market Timing; Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Estonia
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      Koning, Rembrand, and Emer Moloney. "Single Earth: Science White Paper Supplement." Harvard Business School Supplement 723-389, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Single.Earth

      By: Rembrand Koning and Emer Moloney
      Estonian greentech company Single.Earth is launching a nature-backed token that is linked to and funds the protection of a specific plot fo land. The first landowners had been onboarded to the company's Digital Twin, a virtual representation of the planet's natural... View Details
      Keywords: Alternative Assets; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Natural Resources; Pollution; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Markets; Market Timing; Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Estonia
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      Koning, Rembrand, and Emer Moloney. "Single.Earth." Harvard Business School Case 723-388, October 2022.
      • 13 Oct 2022
      • Other Presentation

      4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Disruptive Innovation

      By: Amy Bernstein, Rita McGrath, Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Derek van Bever
      A roundtable conversation takes stock of Clayton Christensen’s influential theory. This first in a series of roundtable conversations assessing the origins and impact of four breakthrough ideas.

      In the 1980s, Clayton Christensen cofounded a startup that... View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation
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      "4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Disruptive Innovation." HBR IdeaCast (podcast), Harvard Business Review Group, October 13, 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation

      By: Brian Trelstad and Bonnie Yining Cao
      Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART), a set of software and analytical tools designed for the purpose of wildlife conservation, had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching and contributing to wildlife... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Emerging Markets; Technology Adoption; Strategy; Management; Ethics; Social Enterprise; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Natural Environment; Technology Industry; Cambodia; United States; Africa
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Bonnie Yining Cao. "SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation." Harvard Business School Case 323-036, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • October 2022 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Cigna-Express Scripts: Can a Vertical Merger Rescue an Industry Under Attack?

      By: Leemore Dafny
      In Fall 2019, Cigna Corporation – a global health services company with a significant presence in the U.S. employer-sponsored health insurance market - was digesting its $54 billion acquisition of Express Scripts, Inc. (ESI), a pharmacy benefit manager (PBM)... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Model; Vertical Integration; Insurance Industry
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      Dafny, Leemore. "Cigna-Express Scripts: Can a Vertical Merger Rescue an Industry Under Attack?" Harvard Business School Case 323-038, October 2022. (Revised August 2024.)
      • October 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate

      By: Boris Vallee and Fares Khrais
      Masdar City broke ground in 2008 and was conceived by the Abu Dhabi government to be an international beacon of innovation in sustainable energy and real estate. It was also to be a profitable investment for the government. At first glance, the two goals pulled in... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Business Growth And Maturation; Decisions; Public Sector; Financial Crisis; Construction; Climate Change; Green Technology; Borrowing And Debt; Corporate Finance; Capital; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cost Of Capital; Equity; REIT; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Innovation; Growth And Development Strategy; Emerging Markets; Urban Development; Middle East; United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Cities; Green Building; Business and Government Relations; Decision Choices and Conditions; Financing and Loans; Real Estate Industry; Construction Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Abu Dhabi
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      Vallee, Boris, and Fares Khrais. "Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate." Harvard Business School Case 223-036, October 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • October 2022 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      mPharma: Scaling Access to Affordable Primary Care in Africa

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      mPharma hopes to scale up to create the largest pan-African healthcare company ever to provide much-needed primary care in retail pharmacies; a reliable, fairly priced supply of drugs; and micro-insurance for drugs. They must prioritize launching a telemedicine... View Details
      Keywords: Africa; Pharmaceutical Companies; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; Health Care; Health Care And Treatment; Health Care Costs; Health Care Delivery; Health Care Entrepreneurship; Telehealth; Health Equity; Corporate Strategy; Social Entrepreneurship; Equity; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Product Launch; Customer Value and Value Chain; Social Enterprise; Multinational Firms and Management; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Africa
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "mPharma: Scaling Access to Affordable Primary Care in Africa." Harvard Business School Case 323-033, October 2022. (Revised September 2024.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Pricing with Bandits in the Long-tail: The Role of Competitive Monitoring

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Eric Anderson
      Most e-commerce retailers offer a long-tail of very low demand products. Individually, these items may have low sales but collectively they are critical to the overall e-commerce business model. Because of their minimal sales, pricing is a constant challenge. The... View Details
      Keywords: Algorithmic Pricing; Ecommerce; Price Monitoring; Price; Competition; E-commerce; Retail Industry
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Eric Anderson. "Pricing with Bandits in the Long-tail: The Role of Competitive Monitoring." Working Paper, July 2025.
      • September–October 2022
      • Article

      Should Your Company Sell on Amazon?: Reach Comes at a Price

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Matt Higgins and Sabir Semerkant
      Selling on Amazon allows brands to reach millions of consumers—but that exposure comes with costs. They include smaller margins, more competition, the risk of commoditization, and less knowledge about customers. In this article, the authors present a scorecard to... View Details
      Keywords: Retail; Retailing; Online Business; Ecommerce; E-commerce; E-Commerce Strategy; Omnichannel Retail; Omnichannel Retailing; Amazon; Amazon.com; Sales; Digital Marketing; Internet and the Web; Business Model; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Advertising Industry; Battery Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Matt Higgins, and Sabir Semerkant. "Should Your Company Sell on Amazon? Reach Comes at a Price." Harvard Business Review 100, no. 5 (September–October 2022): 38–46.
      • September 2022 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand

      By: Tomomichi Amano and Masaki Nomura
      Super Bowl 50, the fiftieth annual championship game of the American National Football League played in February 2016, featured 52 commercials, and brands spent more than six million dollars each for a 30-second commercial slot. Surprisingly, the commercial that... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Growth and Development Strategy; Video Game Industry; Japan
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      Amano, Tomomichi, and Masaki Nomura. "The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand." Harvard Business School Case 523-022, September 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
      • September 2022
      • Background Note

      On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics

      By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
      Startups are often evaluated by how well they perform on unit economics, defined as the ratio of a customer’s lifetime value (LTV) to acquisition costs (CAC). A common target for unit economics, advocated by many VCs and analysts, is 3:1 (i.e., LTV/CAC=3). While there... View Details
      Keywords: Unit Economics; Business Startups; Performance Evaluation; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Relationship Management; Analysis
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      Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-050, September 2022.
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