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      • Faculty Publications  (3,934)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Bringing Science to Market: Knowledge Foundations, Inventor-Founders, and Performance

      By: Justine Boudou and Maria Roche
      In this paper, we examine how a startup’s knowledge foundations—embedded in its core technology—influence its performance in the exit market. Using a dataset of 1,006 biomedicine startups founded between 2005 and 2015, we focus on two key factors: (1) the degree of... View Details
      Keywords: Firm Performance; Knowledge Foundations; Exits; Academic Startups; Inventor-founder; Specialized Scientific Knowledge; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation; Research; Information Publishing; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship
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      Boudou, Justine, and Maria Roche. "Bringing Science to Market: Knowledge Foundations, Inventor-Founders, and Performance." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-021, October 2023. (Revised February 2025.)
      • 2023
      • Chapter

      Discussion of Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism

      By: Laura Alfaro
      Keywords: Global Range; Economics; Globalized Economies and Regions; Globalization; International Relations; Policy
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      Alfaro, Laura. "Discussion of Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism." Chap. 2 in Geoeconomic Fragmentation: The Economic Risks from a Fractured World Economy, by Shekhar Aliyar, Andrea Presbitero, and Michele Ruta, 19–25. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Article

      Product Variety, the Cost of Living, and Welfare Across Countries

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Robert C. Feenstra and Robert Inklaar
      We use the structure of the Melitz (2003) model to compute the cost of living and welfare across 47 countries, and compare these to conventional measures of prices and real consumption from the International Comparisons Project (ICP). The cost of living is inferred... View Details
      Keywords: Macroeconomics; Trade
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Robert C. Feenstra, and Robert Inklaar. "Product Variety, the Cost of Living, and Welfare Across Countries." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 15, no. 4 (October 2023): 40–66.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Customer Journey as a Source of Information

      By: Nicolas Padilla, Eva Ascarza and Oded Netzer
      In the face of heightened data privacy concerns and diminishing third-party data access, firms are placing increased emphasis on first-party data (1PD) for marketing decisions. However, in environments with infrequent purchases, reliance on past purchases 1PD... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Journey; Privacy; Consumer Behavior; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      Padilla, Nicolas, Eva Ascarza, and Oded Netzer. "The Customer Journey as a Source of Information." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-035, October 2023. (Revised October 2023.)
      • September 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Esquel Group

      By: William C. Kirby and Noah B. Truwit
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 307-076 and 322-058. These cases focus on the experience of China's largest shirt manufacturer, Esquel Group, and how it manages various aspects of government relations in China and abroad. The A case identifies a wide variety of social... View Details
      Keywords: International Relations; Trade; Globalized Markets and Industries; Fashion Industry; China
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      Kirby, William C., and Noah B. Truwit. "Esquel Group." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 324-042, September 2023.
      • September 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      AB InBev: Brewing Up Forecasts during COVID-19

      By: Mark Egan, C. Fritz Foley, Esel Cekin and Emilie Billaud
      In July 2021, the CEO of AB InBev's European operations and his team strategized to position the company for success post-pandemic. As the world's largest beer company, boasting over 500 brands, revenue of $46 billion, and a workforce of 160,000 in 2020, AB InBev... View Details
      Keywords: Beer; Forecasting; COVID-19; Decision; Forecasting and Prediction; Analytics and Data Science; Crisis Management; Decisions; Financing and Loans; Investment Return; Resource Allocation; Distribution; Production; Business Processes; Strategic Planning; Health Pandemics; Digital Transformation; Markets; Food and Beverage Industry; Belgium; Europe; Latin America; North and Central America
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      Egan, Mark, C. Fritz Foley, Esel Cekin, and Emilie Billaud. "AB InBev: Brewing Up Forecasts during COVID-19." Harvard Business School Case 224-020, September 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • September 2023
      • Supplement

      CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

      By: Willy Shih
      Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and the deep-sea segment, which... View Details
      Keywords: Container Shipping; Decarbonization; Energy Efficiency; Logistics; Supply Chain; Trade; Environmental Regulation; Governance Compliance; Ship Transportation; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Europe; Asia; North America
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      Shih, Willy. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 624-710, September 2023. (This is for instructors only.)
      • September 2023 (Revised November 2023)
      • Case

      Seeds of Innovation: GALY's Quest to Cultivate the Future of Agriculture in the Lab

      By: George Serafeim and Michael Norris
      In 2023, Luciano Bueno, CEO and founder of plant cell culture agriculture company GALY, was considering the best path forward for his company as he planned to pitch Series B investors. GALY, founded in 2019, aimed to produce cotton and other crops from cells grown in... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Green Technology; Goods and Commodities; Growth and Development Strategy; Science-Based Business; Entrepreneurship; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Startups; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Production; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Technology Industry; Boston; Sao Paulo
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      Serafeim, George, and Michael Norris. "Seeds of Innovation: GALY's Quest to Cultivate the Future of Agriculture in the Lab." Harvard Business School Case 124-017, September 2023. (Revised November 2023.)
      • September 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      Icahn Enterprises: Ponzi Scheme or Sound Investment

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Jonas Heese and James Weber
      Icahn Enterprises, a publicly traded limited partnership founded and operated by famed activist investor Carl Icahn, had earned above market returns for over a decade. Between 2018 and early 2023, it had a compound annual return of 31%. Icahn invested in undervalued... View Details
      Keywords: Stock Shares; Investment Return; Business Model; Valuation; Financial Services Industry
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Jonas Heese, and James Weber. "Icahn Enterprises: Ponzi Scheme or Sound Investment." Harvard Business School Case 124-013, September 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • September 2023
      • Supplement

      CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

      By: Willy Shih
      Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and the deep-sea segment, which... View Details
      Keywords: Container Shipping; Decarbonization; Energy Efficiency; Logistics; Supply Chain; Trade; Environmental Regulation; Governance Compliance; Ship Transportation; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Europe; Asia; North America
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      Shih, Willy. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 624-018, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Teaching Note

      CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

      By: Willy Shih
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 623-006. Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions,... View Details
      Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ship Transportation; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Regulation; Trade; Energy Conservation; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Europe
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      Shih, Willy. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 624-019, September 2023.
      • September 2023 (Revised September 2024)
      • Technical Note

      Measuring and Managing Social Impact

      By: Brian Trelstad, Gerald Chertavian and Susan Pinckney
      A brief overview of how to measure social impact at nonprofits, social organizations, and impact investments. View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Change; Transformation; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Public Sector; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Fairness; Entrepreneurial Finance; Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Policy; Innovation and Management; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Management Practices and Processes; Resource Allocation; Measurement and Metrics; Standards; Strength and Weakness; Mission and Purpose; Success; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Strategic Planning; Programs; Risk and Uncertainty; Social Enterprise; Non-Governmental Organizations; Social Issues; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Gerald Chertavian, and Susan Pinckney. "Measuring and Managing Social Impact." Harvard Business School Technical Note 324-017, September 2023. (Revised September 2024.)
      • September 2023
      • Supplement

      CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and the deep-sea segment, which... View Details
      Keywords: Container Shipping; Trade Links; Decarbonization; Environmental Strategies; Environmental Impact; Globalization; Trade; Environmental Regulation; Supply Chain; Logistics; Shipping Industry; European Union; Asia; North America
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      Shih, Willy C. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-708, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Background Note

      Amager Bakke: Municipal Waste to Energy

      By: Willy Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      This background note describes the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy (WtE) plant in Copenhagen, which merges traditional waste incineration with a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and air pollution control (scrubbing) technology, and had plans to add carbon dioxide (CO2)... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Innovation; Innovation Focused Strategy; Environmental Operations; Circular; Waste Heat Recovery; Waste Management; Carbon Regulation; Buildings and Facilities; Energy Generation; Environmental Sustainability; Pollution; Climate Change; Wastes and Waste Processing; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Energy Industry; Denmark; Netherlands; Europe; European Union
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      Shih, Willy, Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Amager Bakke: Municipal Waste to Energy." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-040, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Case

      FoodCloud: Tackling Food Insecurity and Climate Change in One Bite

      By: Brian Trelstad and Emer Moloney
      In 2013, Aoibheann O’Brien and Iseult Ward founded FoodCloud, a non-profit social enterprise that aimed to address food waste and food insecurity issues. Through its technology platform, Foodiverse, FoodCloud connected surplus food from retailers with community groups... View Details
      Keywords: Nonprofit Organizations; Expansion; Technological Innovation; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Growth and Development Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Republic of Ireland; Europe
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Emer Moloney. "FoodCloud: Tackling Food Insecurity and Climate Change in One Bite." Harvard Business School Case 324-031, September 2023.
      • September 13, 2023
      • Article

      How the Best Chief Data Officers Create Value

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Robin Seibert
      Despite the rapidly increasing prominence of data and analytics functions, the majority of chief data officers (CDOs) fail to value and price the business outcomes created by their data and analytics capabilities. It comes as no surprise then that many CDOs fall behind... View Details
      Keywords: Value Creation; Analytics and Data Science; Measurement and Metrics; Leadership
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Robin Seibert. "How the Best Chief Data Officers Create Value." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 13, 2023).
      • September 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Atomwise: Strategic Opportunities in AI for Pharma

      By: Satish Tadikonda
      Abraham Heifets and his co-founder, Izhar Wallach, had founded Atomwise to develop i) an AI engine to transform drug discovery by creating better medicines faster, and ii) a machine learning-based discovery engine that combined the power of convolutional neural... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Science-Based Business; Technological Innovation; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Tadikonda, Satish. "Atomwise: Strategic Opportunities in AI for Pharma." Harvard Business School Case 824-043, September 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • September 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Apple’s iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy

      By: George Serafeim
      Teaching Note for HBS Case 123-089. The case describes the Trade-In system for iPhones that allow iPhones to be refurbished and reused or to be recycled. The case provides information for the students to analyze the financial attractiveness of the Trade-In system and... View Details
      Keywords: Iphone; Smartphone; Technology; Business Model Innovation; Carbon Emissions; Recycling; Business Model; Product Design; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Technology Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Apple’s iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 124-026, September 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Global Supply Chains: The Looming 'Great Reallocation'

      By: Laura Alfaro and Davin Chor
      Global supply chains have come under unprecedented stress as a result of U.S.-China trade tensions, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical shocks. We document shifts in the pattern of U.S. participation in global value chains over the last four decades, in terms of... View Details
      Keywords: Supply Chain; International Relations; Trade; Globalized Markets and Industries
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Davin Chor. "Global Supply Chains: The Looming 'Great Reallocation'." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-012, August 2023. (in proceedings Jackson Hole Symposium, 2023 (also NBER WP 31661). See feature in NBER Digest, Nov (2023): Economics, Politics, and the Evolution of Global Supply Chains.)
      • September 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      RightHand Robotics: Choosing the First Market

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and Stacy Straaberg
      In early 2015, RightHand Robotics’s (RHR) leadership faced a set of decisions in commercializing the startup’s robotic picking solution. RHR’s central product was the RightPick integrated robotic picking system which featured a robotic arm, a three-fingered robotic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Market Entry and Exit; Product; Research and Development; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Information Infrastructure; Technological Innovation; Manufacturing Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Massachusetts
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R., and Stacy Straaberg. "RightHand Robotics: Choosing the First Market." Harvard Business School Case 824-006, September 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
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