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      Developing Countries and EconomiesRemove Developing Countries and Economies →

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      • October 2015 (Revised September 2016)
      • Case

      Peru: Economic Miracle or Just a Mirage?

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor, Fernando A. D'Alessio and Ricardo M. Pino
      After years of rapid growth, Peru's economy had recently slowed. Mineral prices were down and the current President, Humala, had only a year remaining in office before the next election. And he could not run again. While the country had many strengths, especially in... View Details
      Keywords: Resources; Internal Security; Politics; Natural Environment; Metals and Minerals; Country; Political Elections; Social Issues; Economic Growth; Tourism Industry; Peru
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., Fernando A. D'Alessio, and Ricardo M. Pino. "Peru: Economic Miracle or Just a Mirage?" Harvard Business School Case 716-028, October 2015. (Revised September 2016.)
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Funds: An Evaluation of CDC 2004-12

      By: Josh Lerner, Ann Leamon, Steve Dew and Dong Ik Lee
      CDC was founded in 1948 as part of the U.K. government's efforts to develop the economic resources of Britain's remaining colonies. Since then, CDC has pursued a series of strategies to "do good without losing money," as its original mission was phrased. Its approach... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Funds; Great Britain
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      Lerner, Josh, Ann Leamon, Steve Dew, and Dong Ik Lee. "The Impact of Funds: An Evaluation of CDC 2004-12." Working Paper, October 2015.
      • October 2015 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      A Challenger's Strategy: Pinar Abay at ING Bank Turkey

      By: Paul Healy, Gautam Mukunda and Esel Çekin
      In 2013, Pinar Abay was appointed as the CEO of ING Bank Turkey. At 34, she was the youngest bank CEO in Turkey's history. Her appointment raised eyebrows because of her youth and because her career at McKinsey had given her no day-to-day bank management experience.... View Details
      Keywords: Challenger's Strategy; Culture; Innovation; Performance Management; Talent Acquisition; Differentiation; Growth; Emerging Country; Banking; Digital Banking; Alternative Channels; Leadership; Change Management; Talent and Talent Management; Organizational Culture; Emerging Markets; Transformation; Banks and Banking; Innovation and Invention; Growth and Development Strategy; Banking Industry; Turkey
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      Healy, Paul, Gautam Mukunda, and Esel Çekin. "A Challenger's Strategy: Pinar Abay at ING Bank Turkey." Harvard Business School Case 116-023, October 2015. (Revised November 2024.)
      • September 2015
      • Supplement

      Kaweyan: Female Entrepreneurship and the Past and Future of Afghanistan (B)

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Gayle Tzemach Lemmon
      This (B) case takes up the story of the Afghan female entrepreneur Kamila Sidiqi between 2009 and 2015. The case opens with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry praising her achievements at a State Department dinner in March 2015 for the newly elected President of... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Entrepreneurship; Personal Development and Career; Gender; Afghanistan
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Gayle Tzemach Lemmon. "Kaweyan: Female Entrepreneurship and the Past and Future of Afghanistan (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 316-070, September 2015.
      • August 2015 (Revised January 2017)
      • Background Note

      Evolving Trends in Global Trade

      By: Dante Roscini and Annelena Lobb
      The note, while not intended to be historically comprehensive, explores the regulation of international trade from the period after World War II to developments in 2010, focusing on shifts in trade theory and policy as well as economic benefits and disadvantages... View Details
      Keywords: Trade Negotiations; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Governance; Negotiation; Globalization; Trade; Policy; History; Europe; Latin America; North and Central America; Asia; Africa; China
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      Roscini, Dante, and Annelena Lobb. "Evolving Trends in Global Trade." Harvard Business School Background Note 716-024, August 2015. (Revised January 2017.)
      • August 2015
      • Article

      Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices

      By: Pol Antràs and C. Fritz Foley
      This paper analyzes the financing terms that support international trade and sheds light on how these terms shape the impact of economic shocks on trade. Analysis of transaction-level data from a U.S.-based exporter of frozen and refrigerated food products, primarily... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; International Finance; Financing and Loans; Trade
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      Antràs, Pol, and C. Fritz Foley. "Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices." Journal of Political Economy 123, no. 4 (August 2015): 853–901. (Revised May 2014. Online Appendix.)
      • July–August 2015
      • Article

      The Secret of Singapore: Why Cuba Should Look to Lee Kuan Yew's Thriving City-State for Economic Inspiration

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Between 1965 and 1991, Singapore grew at an astonishing compound annual growth rate of nearly 14%. Critics of the island's performance accused its celebrated leader, Lee Kuan Yew, of thinly veiled tendencies toward communism and authoritarianism; they argued that the... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Models; Communism; Economic Policy; Economic Reform; Angel Investors; Authoritarianism; Economic Systems; Economy; Policy; Government and Politics; Singapore; Cuba
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      Spar, Debora L. "The Secret of Singapore: Why Cuba Should Look to Lee Kuan Yew's Thriving City-State for Economic Inspiration." Foreign Policy 213 (July–August 2015).
      • June 2015 (Revised January 2017)
      • Case

      Greece's Debt: Sustainable?

      By: George Serafeim
      The case "Greece's Debt: Sustainable?" describes the Greek economic crisis, bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the debt restructuring that followed. Because of a lack of trust in Greece's ability to repay its debt, two... View Details
      Keywords: Debt Crisis; Accounting; Debt Sustainability; Austerity; Solvency Opinions; Borrowing and Debt; Restructuring; Valuation; Accrual Accounting; Fair Value Accounting; Economy; Greece
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      Serafeim, George. "Greece's Debt: Sustainable?" Harvard Business School Case 115-063, June 2015. (Revised January 2017.)
      • June 2015
      • Article

      The Organization of Enterprise in Japan

      By: Tom Nicholas
      Recent research reveals that the joint stock corporation was not a superior form of business organization in many countries historically. In Japan, however, it played a more fundamental role. Between 1896 and 1939 joint stock enterprises accounted for 44 percent of... View Details
      Keywords: Japan; Legal Form; Enterprise; Modernization; Business Organization; Entrepreneurship; Japan
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      Nicholas, Tom. "The Organization of Enterprise in Japan." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 2 (June 2015): 333–363.
      • May 2015
      • Teaching Note

      The United Kingdom and the Means to Prosperity

      By: Laura Alfaro, Lakshmi Iyer and Hilary White
      After struggling through the country's longest recession since 2008, the U.K. was expected to grow faster than any other G7 nation in 2014. Analysts wondered whether the return to growth was because, or in spite of, Prime Minister David Cameron's controversial £113... View Details
      Keywords: United Kingdom; Austerity; Fiscal Deficits; Fiscal Policy; Keynesian Multiplier; Government; Government Policy; Recessions; Depression; Inequality; Government Intervention In The Markets; Stagnation; Public Finance; Economics; Macroeconomics; Government Administration; Business and Government Relations; Economic Growth; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Public Sector; Economy; Financial Crisis; Taxation; Government and Politics; United Kingdom
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      Alfaro, Laura, Lakshmi Iyer, and Hilary White. "The United Kingdom and the Means to Prosperity." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 715-055, May 2015.
      • 2015
      • Book

      MOVE: Putting America's Infrastructure Back in the Lead

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      Americans are stuck. We live with travel delays on congested roads; shipping delays on clogged railways; and delays on repairs, project approvals, and funding due to gridlocked leadership. These delays affect us all, whether you are a daily commuter, a frequent flyer,... View Details
      Keywords: United States; Railroad History; Airlines; Airline Industry; Air Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Cities; Urban Planning; Freighting; Change; Leadership; Public Policy; Change Leadership; Public Finance; Infrastructure; Policy; Technological Innovation; Change Management; Leading Change; Urban Development; Project Finance; Entrepreneurship; City; Transportation; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Rail Industry; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M. MOVE: Putting America's Infrastructure Back in the Lead. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015.
      • Article

      Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines

      By: Edward L. Glaeser, Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr
      We study entrepreneurship and growth through the lens of U.S. cities. Initial entrepreneurship correlates strongly with urban employment growth, but endogeneity bedevils interpretation. Chinitz (1961) hypothesized that coal mines near cities led to specialization in... View Details
      Keywords: Industrial Organization; Chinitz; Agglomeration; Clusters; Cities; Mines; Industry Clusters; Urban Development; Entrepreneurship; City; Mining; Mining Industry; United States
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      Glaeser, Edward L., Sari Pekkala Kerr, and William R. Kerr. "Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines." Review of Economics and Statistics 97, no. 2 (May 2015): 498–520.
      • Article

      Liquidity in Retirement Savings Systems: An International Comparison

      By: John Beshears, James J. Choi, Joshua Hurwitz, David Laibson and Brigitte C. Madrian
      We compare the liquidity that six developed countries have built into their employer-based defined contribution (DC) retirement schemes. In Germany, Singapore, and the UK, withdrawals are essentially banned no matter what kind of transitory income shock the household... View Details
      Keywords: Saving; Financial Liquidity; Retirement; Canada; Germany; Australia; United Kingdom; United States; Singapore
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      Beshears, John, James J. Choi, Joshua Hurwitz, David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian. "Liquidity in Retirement Savings Systems: An International Comparison." American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 105, no. 5 (May 2015): 420–425.
      • Article

      A Case for Contextual Intelligence

      By: Tarun Khanna
      In this perspective, I make a case for entrepreneurs and academics alike to focus on what I have referred to elsewhere as Contextual Intelligence, the ability to understand the limits of our knowledge, and to adapt that knowledge to a context different from the one in... View Details
      Keywords: Contextual Intelligence; Institutional Voids; Entrepreneurship In Emerging Markets; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Situation or Environment; Developing Countries and Economies; Entrepreneurship
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      Khanna, Tarun. "A Case for Contextual Intelligence." Special Issue on Leveraging India: Strategies for Global Competitiveness. Management International Review 55, no. 2 (April 2015): 181–190.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Internalizing Global Value Chains: A Firm-Level Analysis

      By: Laura Alfaro, Pol Antràs, Davin Chor and Paola Conconi
      In recent decades, advances in information and communication technology and falling trade barriers have led firms to retain within their boundaries and in their domestic economies only a subset of their production stages. A key decision facing firms worldwide is the... View Details
      Keywords: Global Value Chains; Sequential Production; Incomplete Contracts; Demand and Consumers; Customer Value and Value Chain; Globalization
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      Alfaro, Laura, Pol Antràs, Davin Chor, and Paola Conconi. "Internalizing Global Value Chains: A Firm-Level Analysis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-028, September 2015. (Updated October 2017. See Online Appendix. Also NBER Working Paper 21582. Forthcoming in the Journal of Political Economy.)
      • March 2015 (Revised March 2023)
      • Case

      Immigration Policy in Germany (A)

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Katrina Flanagan and Alastair Su
      Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel faced economic and moral pressure to encourage greater immigration from struggling European, and especially Eurozone, countries after the economic downturn that began in 2008. In fact, it was possible that both the Euro currency union... View Details
      Keywords: Citizenship; Optimal Currency Unions; Globalized Economies and Regions; Immigration; Policy; Germany; European Union
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Katrina Flanagan, and Alastair Su. "Immigration Policy in Germany (A)." Harvard Business School Case 715-029, March 2015. (Revised March 2023.)
      • March–April 2015
      • Article

      The Almighty Ruble

      By: Debora L. Spar
      At 1 AM Moscow time on December 16, Russia's central bank announced a massive hike in the country's interest rate, from 10.5% to 17%. It's not clear how Russian leader Vladimir Putin and his colleagues could realistically have expected to achieve anything by hiking the... View Details
      Keywords: Monetary Policy; Economy; Policy; Currency; Interest Rates; Sovereign Finance; Russia
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      Spar, Debora L. "The Almighty Ruble." Foreign Policy 211 (March–April 2015).
      • January 2015 (Revised March 2015)
      • Case

      Wegmans and Listeria: Developing a Proactive Food Safety System for Produce

      By: Ray A. Goldberg and Christine Snively
      In July 2014, supermarket chain Wegmans received notification from supplier Wawona Packing Co. that its peaches arrived in Australia with a small trace of Listeria monocytogenes. While some countries such as Australia allowed low-levels of listeria to be present in... View Details
      Keywords: Food Safety; Food Safety Standards; Grocery; Safety; Food; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Goldberg, Ray A., and Christine Snively. "Wegmans and Listeria: Developing a Proactive Food Safety System for Produce." Harvard Business School Case 915-412, January 2015. (Revised March 2015.)
      • January 2015
      • Background Note

      Note on Economic Inequality (2015)

      By: Clayton S. Rose and Aldo Sesia
      For over half a century, most of the world's economies have enjoyed steady growth and prosperity. However, beginning in the 1980s, and continuing essentially unabated to the present, the gap between the "haves" and the "have-nots" in developed countries has widened,... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Inequalty; Income Inequality; Growth and Development; Economics; Equality and Inequality; Society; Problems and Challenges; United States
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      Rose, Clayton S., and Aldo Sesia. "Note on Economic Inequality (2015)." Harvard Business School Background Note 315-050, January 2015.
      • January 2015 (Revised July 2019)
      • Case

      Rebranding Godiva: The Yıldız Strategy

      By: Rohit Deshpande and Esel Çekin
      This case concerns Yıldız Holding’s acquisition of Godiva Chocolatier from its previous owner, Campbell Soup, and its salient strategy in preserving Godiva’s “made in Belgian” brand position. Provenance Paradox, a problem faced by companies in emerging countries trying... View Details
      Keywords: Branding; Internationalization; Provenance Paradox; Acquisitions; Positioning; Innovation; Customer-centricity; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Emerging Markets; Product Positioning; Change Management; Innovation and Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Food and Beverage Industry; North America; Turkey; Japan
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      Deshpande, Rohit, and Esel Çekin. "Rebranding Godiva: The Yıldız Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 515-059, January 2015. (Revised July 2019.)
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