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  • November 2004 (Revised September 2019)
  • Background Note

The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004

By: John R. Wells, Gabriel Ellsworth and Benjamin Weinstock
In 2004, the $16.8 billion U.S. health club industry continued its strong record of growth. There were almost 27,000 health clubs in the United States, up from 6,700 two decades earlier, and these clubs claimed 41 million members, over 14% of the U.S. population.... View Details
Keywords: Health Clubs; Fitness; Gyms; Chain; Weight Loss; Obesity; Exercise; Personal Training; Bally Total Fitness; 24 Hour Fitness; YMCA; Gold's Gym; Curves; Franchise; Franchising; Subscription; Promotional Sales; Promotions; Fixed Costs; Body; Accrual Accounting; Revenue Recognition; Buildings and Facilities; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; For-Profit Firms; Trends; Customers; Demographics; Age; Income; Private Equity; Financing and Loans; Profit; Revenue; Geographic Scope; Multinational Firms and Management; Health; Nutrition; Business History; Employees; Retention; Human Capital; Working Conditions; Contracts; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Supply and Industry; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Operations; Service Operations; Franchise Ownership; Private Ownership; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Sales; Salesforce Management; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Nonprofit Organizations; Welfare; Sports; Strategy; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Consolidation; Corporate Strategy; Customization and Personalization; Expansion; Segmentation; Hardware; Health Industry; United States
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Wells, John R., Gabriel Ellsworth, and Benjamin Weinstock. "The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004." Harvard Business School Background Note 705-445, November 2004. (Revised September 2019.)

    Building small business utopia: how artificial intelligence and Big Data can increase small business success

    Small business lending has remained unchanged for decades, laden with frictions and barriers that prevent many small businesses from accessing the capital they need to succeed. Financial technology, or “fintech,” promises to change this trajectory. In 2010, new fintech... View Details
    • 21 Sep 2023
    • Blog Post

    Hands-on Learning About Global Markets

    visiting a senior center in a Boston suburb to understand how comfortable seniors were with technology. In Buenos Aires, the team used design thinking to identify new marketing ideas and iterate based on the... View Details
    • September 2020 (Revised June 2021)
    • Case

    GreenFire Energy, 2020: Geothermal Innovation

    By: John R. Wells and Benjamin Weinstock
    In June 2020, GreenFire Energy Inc. (GreenFire) presented its report to the California Energy Commission indicating that its proof of concept project to demonstrate its new geothermal electricity generation technology, ECO2G™, had been a success. While conventional... View Details
    Keywords: Geothermal Electricity; Renewable Energy; Energy Generation; Technological Innovation; Commercialization; Strategy; Decision Choices and Conditions
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    Wells, John R., and Benjamin Weinstock. "GreenFire Energy, 2020: Geothermal Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 721-392, September 2020. (Revised June 2021.)
    • November 2012
    • Article

    The Organization of Firms Across Countries

    By: Nicholas Bloom, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
    We argue that social capital as proxied by trust increases aggregate productivity by affecting the organization of firms. To do this we collect new data on the decentralization of investment, hiring, production, and sales decisions from Corporate Headquarters to local... View Details
    Keywords: Decentralization; Social Capital; Theory Of The Firm; Firm Objectives, Organization, And Behavior; Business Economics; Management Of Technological Innovation And R&D; Technological Change: Choices And Consequences; Diffusion Processes; Organizational Structure; Performance Productivity; Trust; Technology Adoption; Multinational Firms and Management
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    Bloom, Nicholas, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "The Organization of Firms Across Countries." Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 4 (November 2012). (Slides from 2008, Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-005, August 2011.)
    • December 2011
    • Case

    Roger Caracappa: Package Deals for the Estée Lauder Companies

    By: James K. Sebenius
    Roger Caracappa must negotiate a cost-saving, innovative proposal from a potential French supplier that could displace the otherwise satisfactory, long-time incumbent supplier. Shortly after being promoted to executive vice president of the Estée Lauder Companies with... View Details
    Keywords: Operations; Supply Chain Management; Change; Innovation and Invention; Cost vs Benefits; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry
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    Sebenius, James K. "Roger Caracappa: Package Deals for the Estée Lauder Companies." Harvard Business School Case 912-003, December 2011.
    • February 2011 (Revised May 2011)
    • Case

    Utilis: Designing, Producing, and Selling Rapid Deployment Shelters for a Troubled World

    By: Herman B. Leonard, Daniela Beyersdorfer and Simon Harrow
    How can a company that supplies disaster response and humanitarian agencies best handle the intrinsically unpredictable and highly volatile demand for its products? Utilis is a French supplier of rapid-deploy high-end tent solutions for civilian and military uses (such... View Details
    Keywords: Business Model; Growth and Development Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Strategic Planning; Natural Disasters; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Industrial Products Industry; France
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    Leonard, Herman B., Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Simon Harrow. "Utilis: Designing, Producing, and Selling Rapid Deployment Shelters for a Troubled World." Harvard Business School Case 311-096, February 2011. (Revised May 2011.)
    • 2011
    • Working Paper

    Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence

    By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
    Theory predicts that there is a close link between bank credit supply and the evolution of the business cycle. Yet fluctuations in bank-loan supply have been hard to quantify in the time-series. While loan issuance falls in recessions, it is not clear if this is due to... View Details
    Keywords: Business Cycles; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Banks and Banking; Bonds; Financial Markets; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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    Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-107, June 2010. (Revised August 2011.)
    • 2023
    • Article

    Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules

    By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
    The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a... View Details
    Keywords: Causal Inference; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Precision Medicine; Uplift Modeling; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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    Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 242–256.
    • 09 Feb 2016
    • First Look

    February 9, 2016

    that emerged from experimentation. Interpretation of such observations leads us to new propositions about the interplay of design and identity in times of radical change. Overall, the propositions suggest... View Details
    Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
    • 20 Nov 2012
    • First Look

    First Look: November 20

    advertising agency services and the slow pace of change over several decades. We model an agency's decision as a tradeoff between the fixed cost to the advertiser of establishing a relationship with an agency and pecuniary economies of scale from media services... View Details
    Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
    • Profile

    Brett Laffel

    One thing I realized about myself is that it is important for me to be able to learn new things on a regular, if not daily basis. This has shaped my career path because as I search for the ideal job, ensuring that View Details
    • Teaching Interest

    DESIGN THEORY AND PRACTICE ES285

    By: Roberto Verganti

    Any organization, business or venture grounds its value on how “meaningful” are its products (functionally, symbolically and emotionally). Design Theory and Practice (DTP) empowers students to create products that are meaningful, to people who use them and to... View Details

    Keywords: Integrated Design; Leadership; User Experience Design; Design; Strategy; Technology; Product Design
    • August 2018
    • Article

    Creative Sparks or Paralysis Traps? The Effects of Contradictions on Creative Processing and Creative Products

    By: Goran Calic and Sébastien Hélie
    Paradoxes are an unavoidable part of work life. The unusualness of attempting to simultaneously satisfy contradictory imperatives can result in creative outcomes that simultaneously satisfy both imperatives by inducing search for, and selection of, novel and useful... View Details
    Keywords: Creativity; Cognition and Thinking; Business or Company Management; Performance
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    Calic, Goran, and Sébastien Hélie. "Creative Sparks or Paralysis Traps? The Effects of Contradictions on Creative Processing and Creative Products." Art. 1489. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (August 2018).
    • 5 Feb 2013
    • Conference Presentation

    Financing Entrepreneurial Growth

    By: Tom Alberg, Andrew A. Bogan, Harold Bradley, Robert D. Cooter, Monika Gruter Cheney, Oliver R. Goodenough, William R. Hambrecht, Frank Hatheway, Thomas F. Hellmann, Marianne Hudson, Jared Konczal, Josh Lerner, Robert E. Litan, Diane Mulcahy, Ramana Nanda, Frank Partnoy, Joe Ratterman, Nava Ravikant, Jay R. Ritter, Alicia Robb, David T. Robinson, Allison Schrager, Barry Silbert, E. R. Sirri, Daniel Stangler and Sharon Vosmek

    Despite recent innovations in entrepreneurial finance, particularly at the early stage of business creation, many new and young companies continue to face hurdles to acquire capital.

    The Kauffman Foundation addressed current challenges and opportunities in... View Details

    Keywords: Finance; Entrepreneurial Finance; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship; United States
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    Alberg, Tom, Andrew A. Bogan, Harold Bradley, Robert D. Cooter, Monika Gruter Cheney, Oliver R. Goodenough, William R. Hambrecht, Frank Hatheway, Thomas F. Hellmann, Marianne Hudson, Jared Konczal, Josh Lerner, Robert E. Litan, Diane Mulcahy, Ramana Nanda, Frank Partnoy, Joe Ratterman, Nava Ravikant, Jay R. Ritter, Alicia Robb, David T. Robinson, Allison Schrager, Barry Silbert, E. R. Sirri, Daniel Stangler, and Sharon Vosmek. "Financing Entrepreneurial Growth." Paper presented at the State of Entrepreneurship Address, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, February 5, 2013.
    • September 1992 (Revised March 2007)
    • Case

    Kaiser Steel Corporation, 1987

    By: Timothy A. Luehrman
    Kaiser Steel entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings in early 1987. Nine months later it still faces several difficult obstacles to reorganization, including litigation, environmental liabilities, and pension and medical benefits for retired employees. Students are... View Details
    Keywords: Business Plan; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Employee Relationship Management; Resource Allocation; Opportunities; Conflict and Resolution; Steel Industry; United States
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    Luehrman, Timothy A. "Kaiser Steel Corporation, 1987." Harvard Business School Case 293-019, September 1992. (Revised March 2007.)
    • December 2019
    • Technical Note

    Technical Note on Bayesian Statistics and Frequentist Power Calculations

    By: Amitabh Chandra and Ariel Dora Stern
    This Technical Note provides an introduction to Bayes’ Rule and the statistical intuition that stems from it. In this note, we review the concepts that underlie Bayesian statistics, and we offer several simple mathematical examples to illustrate applications of Bayes’... View Details
    Keywords: Bayesian Statistics; Mathematical Methods
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    Chandra, Amitabh, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Technical Note on Bayesian Statistics and Frequentist Power Calculations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 620-032, December 2019.
    • 2016
    • Working Paper

    PathBreakers? Women's Electoral Success and Future Political Participation

    By: Sonia Bhalotra, Irma Clots-Figueras and Lakshmi Iyer
    We investigate whether the event of a woman being competitively elected as a state legislator encourages the subsequent political participation of women, using a regression discontinuity design on constituency level data from India. We find that female incumbents are... View Details
    Keywords: Political Participation; Women; Candidates; Gender Bias; Backlash; Minority Representation; Regression Discontinuity; India; Prejudice and Bias; Political Elections; Gender; Public Administration Industry; India
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    Bhalotra, Sonia, Irma Clots-Figueras, and Lakshmi Iyer. "PathBreakers? Women's Electoral Success and Future Political Participation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-035, November 2013. (Revised January 2016.)
    • July 2007
    • Article

    Geographical Segmentation of U.S. Capital Markets

    Demographic variation in savings behavior can be exploited to provide evidence on segmentation in US bank loan markets. Cities with a large fraction of seniors have higher volumes of bank deposits. Since many banks rely heavily on deposit financing, this affects local... View Details
    Keywords: Age; Economy; Capital Markets; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Local Range; United States
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    Becker, Bo. "Geographical Segmentation of U.S. Capital Markets." Journal of Financial Economics 85, no. 1 (July 2007): 151–178.
    • 2007
    • Working Paper

    How Is Foreign Aid Spent? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

    By: Eric D. Werker, Faisal Z. Ahmed and Charles Cohen
    We use oil price fluctuations to construct a new instrument to test the impact of transfers from wealthy OPEC nations to their poorer Muslim allies. The instrument identifies plausibly exogenous variation in foreign aid. We investigate how aid is spent by tracking its... View Details
    Keywords: International Finance; Energy Sources; Energy Industry; Asia
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    Werker, Eric D., Faisal Z. Ahmed, and Charles Cohen. "How Is Foreign Aid Spent? Evidence from a Natural Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 07-074, April 2007. (Revised December 2007, July 2008.)
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