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- All HBS Web
(1,866)
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- Research (1,226)
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- Article
Extension Request Avoidance Predicts Greater Time Stress Among Women
By: Ashley V. Whillans, Jaewon Yoon, Aurora Turek and Grant E. Donnelly
In nine studies using archival data, surveys, and experiments, we identify a factor that predicts gender differences in time stress and burnout. Across academic and professional settings, women are less likely to ask for more time when working under adjustable... View Details
Whillans, Ashley V., Jaewon Yoon, Aurora Turek, and Grant E. Donnelly. "Extension Request Avoidance Predicts Greater Time Stress Among Women." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 45 (November 9, 2021).
- October 15, 2021
- Article
Virtuous Victims
By: Jillian J. Jordan and Maryam Kouchaki
How do people perceive the moral character of victims? We find, across a range of transgressions, that people frequently see victims of wrongdoing as more moral than non-victims who have behaved identically. Across 15 experiments (total n = 9,355), we document this... View Details
Keywords: Moral Judgment; Restorative Justice; Punishment; Compensation; Person Perception; Moral Sensibility; Judgments; Perception
Jordan, Jillian J., and Maryam Kouchaki. "Virtuous Victims." Science Advances 7, no. 42 (October 15, 2021).
- 2020
- Working Paper
Spreading the Health: Americans' Estimated and Ideal Distributions of Death and Health(care)
By: Sorapop Kiatpongsan and Michael I. Norton
The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act intensified debates over the role of government in the distribution of healthcare. A nationally-representative sample of Americans reported their estimated and ideal distributions of healthcare (unmet need for... View Details
Keywords: Healthcare; Mortality; Inequality; Justice; Equity; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Equality and Inequality; Fairness; Public Opinion; United States
Kiatpongsan, Sorapop, and Michael I. Norton. "Spreading the Health: Americans' Estimated and Ideal Distributions of Death and Health(care)." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-114, April 2020.
- May 31, 2016
- Article
Memories of Unethical Actions Become Obfuscated over Time
By: Maryam Kouchaki and Francesca Gino
Despite our optimistic belief that we would behave honestly when facing the temptation to act unethically, we often cross ethical boundaries. This paper explores one possibility for why people engage in unethical behavior over time by suggesting that memory for their... View Details
Kouchaki, Maryam, and Francesca Gino. "Memories of Unethical Actions Become Obfuscated over Time." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 22 (May 31, 2016).
- Article
When Being a Model Minority Is Good...and Bad: Realistic Threat Explains Negativity Toward Asian Americans.
By: W.W. Maddux, A. Galinsky, A.J.C. Cuddy and M. Polifroni
The current research explores the hypothesis that realistic threat is one psychological mechanism that can explain how individuals can hold positive stereotypical beliefs toward Asian Americans yet also express negative attitudes and emotions toward them. Study 1... View Details
Maddux, W.W., A. Galinsky, A.J.C. Cuddy, and M. Polifroni. "When Being a Model Minority Is Good...and Bad: Realistic Threat Explains Negativity Toward Asian Americans." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–89.
- March 2008
- Article
Functional Imaging of Decision Conflict
By: J. B. Pochon, Jason Riis, A. Sanfey, L. Nystrom and J. D. Cohen
Decision conflict occurs when people feel uncertain as to which option to choose from a set of similarly attractive (or unattractive) options, with many studies demonstrating that this conflict can lead to suboptimal decision making. In this article, we investigate the... View Details
Pochon, J. B., Jason Riis, A. Sanfey, L. Nystrom, and J. D. Cohen. "Functional Imaging of Decision Conflict." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 13 (March 2008).
- 2022
- Chapter
Decarbonizing Academia's Flyout Culture
By: Nicholas Poggioli and Andrew J. Hoffman
Flight is technologically and culturally central to academic life. Academia's flyout culture is built on a set of shared beliefs and values about the importance of flying to being an academic. But flight also generates a large proportion of academia’s carbon emissions,... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Air Transportation; Values and Beliefs; Environmental Sustainability; Higher Education; Education Industry
Poggioli, Nicholas, and Andrew J. Hoffman. "Decarbonizing Academia's Flyout Culture." Chap. 10 in Academic Flying and the Means of Communication, edited by Kristian Bjørkdahl and Adrian Santiago Franco Duharte, 237–268. Palgrave Macmillan, 2022.
- April 2023
- Case
Twitter: The Freedom to Speak Freely and Be Heard
By: Randolph B. Cohen, Carin-Isabel Knoop and Mel Martin
In April 2022, serial entrepreneur Elon Musk announced that he would be interested in purchasing the social media site Twitter for $44 billion. With more than 100 million twitter followers, Musk had historically leveraged the site to engage with the customers of his... View Details
- Forthcoming
- Article
Comparing the Value of Perceived Human Versus AI-Generated Empathy
By: Matan Rubin, Joanna Z. Li, Federico Zimmerman, Desmond C. Ong, Amit Goldenberg and Anat Perry
Artificial intelligence (AI) and specifically large language models demonstrate remarkable social–emotional abilities, which may improve human–AI interactions and AI’s emotional support capabilities. However, it remains unclear whether empathy, encompassing... View Details
Rubin, Matan, Joanna Z. Li, Federico Zimmerman, Desmond C. Ong, Amit Goldenberg, and Anat Perry. "Comparing the Value of Perceived Human Versus AI-Generated Empathy." Nature Human Behaviour (forthcoming). (Pre-published online June 30, 2025.)
- Winter 2024
- Article
Is Pay Transparency Good?
By: Zoë B. Cullen
Countries around the world are enacting pay transparency policies to combat pay discrimination. Since 2000, 71 percent of OECD countries have done so. Most are enacting transparency horizontally, revealing pay between coworkers doing similar work within a firm. While... View Details
Keywords: Policy; Wages; Knowledge Sharing; Job Design and Levels; Negotiation; Performance Productivity; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives
Cullen, Zoë B. "Is Pay Transparency Good?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 38, no. 1 (Winter 2024): 153–180.
- July 2019
- Article
I Know Why You Voted for Trump: (Over)inferring Motives Based on Choice
By: Kate Barasz, Tami Kim and Ioannis Evangelidis
People often speculate about why others make the choices they do. This paper investigates how such inferences are formed as a function of what is chosen. Specifically, when observers encounter someone else's choice (e.g., of political candidate), they use the chosen... View Details
Keywords: Self-other Difference; Social Perception; Inference-making; Preferences; Consumer Behavior; Prediction; Prediction Error; Decision Choices and Conditions; Perception; Behavior; Forecasting and Prediction
Barasz, Kate, Tami Kim, and Ioannis Evangelidis. "I Know Why You Voted for Trump: (Over)inferring Motives Based on Choice." Special Issue on The Cognitive Science of Political Thought. Cognition 188 (July 2019): 85–97.
- Forthcoming
- Article
On the Limits of Anonymization for Promoting Diversity in Organizations
By: Linda W. Chang and Edward H. Chang
Anonymization of job applicant resumes is a recommended strategy to increase diversity in organizations, but large-scale tests have shown mixed results. We consider decision-makers’ social dominance orientation (SDO), a measure of anti-egalitarianism/endorsement of... View Details
Chang, Linda W., and Edward H. Chang. "On the Limits of Anonymization for Promoting Diversity in Organizations." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (forthcoming). (Pre-published online January 3, 2025.)
- Research Summary
Selective Attention and Learning
What do we notice, and how does this affect what we learn? Standard economic models of learning ignore memory by assuming that we remember everything. But there is growing recognition that memory is imperfect. Further, memory imperfections do not stem from limited... View Details
- 2024
- Working Paper
Behavioral Attenuation
By: Thomas Graeber, Benjamin Enke, Ryan Oprea and Jeffrey Yang
We report a large-scale examination of behavioral attenuation: due to information-processing constraints, the elasticity of people’s decisions with respect to economic fundamentals is generally too small. We implement more than 30 experiments, 20 of which were... View Details
Graeber, Thomas, Benjamin Enke, Ryan Oprea, and Jeffrey Yang. "Behavioral Attenuation." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 32973, September 2024.
- April 2023
- Article
Inattentive Inference
By: Thomas Graeber
This paper studies how people infer a state of the world from information structures that include additional, payoff-irrelevant states. For example, learning from a customer review about a product’s quality requires accounting for the reviewer’s otherwise irrelevant... View Details
Graeber, Thomas. "Inattentive Inference." Journal of the European Economic Association 21, no. 2 (April 2023): 560–592.
- January 2017
- Article
The Dark Side of Going Abroad: How Broad Foreign Experiences Increase Immoral Behavior
By: Jackson G. Lu, Jordi Quoidbach, F. Gino, Alek Chakroff, William W. Maddux and Adam D. Galinsky
Due to the unprecedented pace of globalization, foreign experiences are increasingly common and valued. Past research has focused on the benefits of foreign experiences, including enhanced creativity and reduced intergroup bias. In contrast, the present work uncovers a... View Details
Lu, Jackson G., Jordi Quoidbach, F. Gino, Alek Chakroff, William W. Maddux, and Adam D. Galinsky. "The Dark Side of Going Abroad: How Broad Foreign Experiences Increase Immoral Behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 112, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–16.
- 2015
- Working Paper
The Market That Wasn't: The Non-Emergence of the Online Grocery Category.
By: C. Navis, G. Fisher, Ryan Raffaelli and Mary Ann Glynn
In this paper, we examine the non-emergence of a potential new market category. In the late 1990s, the entrepreneurial firms that attempted to sell groceries online in the US attracted significant resources, made impressive technological advancements, and generated... View Details
- Article
Why Doesn't Capitalism Flow to Poor Countries?
By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
We show that capitalism is far from common around the world. Outside a small group of rich countries, heavy regulation of business, leftist rhetoric, and interventionist beliefs flourish. We relate these phenomena to the presence of corruption, with causality running... View Details
Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Voting; Economic Systems; Fairness; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Emotions
Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Why Doesn't Capitalism Flow to Poor Countries?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2009): 285–321.
- May 2024
- Article
The Effect of Configural Processing on Mentalization
By: Katrina Fincher, Ting Zhang, Asteya Percaya, Adam Galinsky and Michael W. Morris
Eight studies (N = 2,561) reveal that how we perceptually process a person’s face affects our capacity to understand their mind. Studies 1A and B indicate this relationship functions via two separate pathways: (a) indirectly by increasing our sensitivity to the... View Details
Fincher, Katrina, Ting Zhang, Asteya Percaya, Adam Galinsky, and Michael W. Morris. "The Effect of Configural Processing on Mentalization." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 126, no. 5 (May 2024): 758–778.
- 2015
- Working Paper
Coactive Vicarious Learning: Towards a Relational Theory of Vicarious Learning in Organizations
By: Christopher G. Myers
Vicarious learning—a process of individual belief and behavior change that occurs through being exposed to, and making meaning of, another's experience—has long been recognized as a key driver of individual, team and organizational success. Yet existing perspectives on... View Details
Myers, Christopher G. "Coactive Vicarious Learning: Towards a Relational Theory of Vicarious Learning in Organizations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-020, August 2015.