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  • February 2003 (Revised April 2004)
  • Case

Pharmaceutical Industry, The: Challenges in the New Century

By: Stephen P. Bradley and James Weber
Provides a broad overview of the numerous internal and external forces that were driving change in the global pharmaceutical industry in 2003. These forces--including downward price pressures, political and social pressures, increased development costs, new... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Change; Cost; Price; Globalization; Government and Politics; Brands and Branding; Industry Growth; Society; Competition; Consolidation; Technology; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Bradley, Stephen P., and James Weber. "Pharmaceutical Industry, The: Challenges in the New Century." Harvard Business School Case 703-489, February 2003. (Revised April 2004.)
  • January 2001
  • Background Note

Country Analysis in a "Global Village"

By: Bruce R. Scott
Substantially rewritten to establish the relevance of countries in the global context. It does so in terms of their differing economic performance in recent decades, and also by contrasting those that have "converged" toward the rich country norm (as theory would... View Details
Keywords: Globalized Economies and Regions; Macroeconomics; Trade; Business Strategy; Performance Evaluation; Industry Growth; Currency; Policy; Development Economics
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Scott, Bruce R. Country Analysis in a "Global Village". Harvard Business School Background Note 701-074, January 2001.
  • June 1998 (Revised January 2001)
  • Case

Browser Wars, 1994-1998, The

By: David B. Yoffie and Mary Kwak
Analyzes the competition between Netscape and Microsoft in the market for Web browsers and related products. Despite its first mover advantage, Netscape sees its market share fall once Microsoft becomes "hard-core" about the Internet. By the spring of 1998, the future... View Details
Keywords: Applications and Software; Internet and the Web; Innovation and Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Competition; Supply and Industry; Information Technology Industry
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Yoffie, David B., and Mary Kwak. "Browser Wars, 1994-1998, The." Harvard Business School Case 798-094, June 1998. (Revised January 2001.)
  • 2019
  • Working Paper

Golden Opportunity? Voluntary Sustainability Standards for Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

By: Kristin Sippl
While much is known about voluntary sustainability standards' contributions to certain issues in certain sectors, less is known about their contributions to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper helps balance the... View Details
Keywords: Sustainability Standards; Gold; Certification; Eco-labeling; International Law; Extractive Industries; Fair Trade; United Nations; Sustainable Development; Environmental Sustainability; Standards; Adoption; Governance; Global Range; Luxury; Mining Industry
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Sippl, Kristin. "Golden Opportunity? Voluntary Sustainability Standards for Artisanal Mining and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-024, September 2018. (Revised April 2019. Revise and Resubmit.)
  • 2003
  • Article

Closing the Loop: Product Take-back Requirements and their Strategic Implications

By: Michael W. Toffel
In Asia, Europe, and North America, regulators are seeking to reduce waste disposal and develop recycling markets by requiring manufacturers to manage the end-of-life disposition of products they produce. Such policies attempt to "close the loop" for products ranging... View Details
Keywords: Wastes and Waste Processing; Energy Conservation; Product Development; Strategy; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Manufacturing Industry; Asia; Europe; North and Central America
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Toffel, Michael W. "Closing the Loop: Product Take-back Requirements and their Strategic Implications." Corporate Environmental Strategy 10, no. 9 (2003).
  • January 2020
  • Case

The Origins of Bell Labs

By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
In 1947, scientists at Bell Labs invented the transistor—a tiny signal amplifier that would go on to become the fundamental building block of the digital age. But, confounding most traditional economic assumptions, it was not a vigorous startup that made this momentous... View Details
Keywords: Business History; Innovation Leadership; Technological Innovation; Patents; Monopoly; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Boston; Massachusetts; New York (city, NY)
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Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "The Origins of Bell Labs." Harvard Business School Case 820-081, January 2020.
  • March 2019 (Revised May 2019)
  • Case

Fetchr: A New Way of Last Mile Delivery

By: V.G. Narayanan and Eren Kuzucu
By mid-2016, five years of aggressive growth had transformed Fetchr from a small logistics startup to a 1,000-employee, full-fledged last-mile delivery company operating across four countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Already beneficiaries of the... View Details
Keywords: Startup; Decision; Financial Strategy; UAE; KSA; MENA; Cost Accounting; Business Model; Business Startups; Transformation; Cost Management; Strategy; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Logistics; Service Delivery; Supply Chain Management; Performance Evaluation; Mathematical Methods; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Transportation Networks; Middle East; United Arab Emirates; Dubai; Bahrain; Egypt; Saudi Arabia; North Africa
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Narayanan, V.G., and Eren Kuzucu. "Fetchr: A New Way of Last Mile Delivery." Harvard Business School Case 119-018, March 2019. (Revised May 2019.)
  • November 2023
  • Case

From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)

By: Willy Shih and Nancy Dai
Like other small shops based in Chongqing, China, Zongshen Industrial Group started by assembling motorcycles from "standard" parts. The quality of its early products was good enough for rural Chinese buyers, though wealthier consumers usually purchased premium... View Details
Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Competitive Strategy; Supply Chain; Product Positioning; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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Shih, Willy, and Nancy Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 624-056, November 2023.
  • March – April 2009
  • Article

Market Research and Innovation Strategy in a Duopoly

By: Dominique Lauga and Elie Ofek
We model a duopoly in which ex-ante identical firms must decide where to direct their innovation efforts. The firms face market uncertainty about consumers' preferences for innovation on two product attributes and technology uncertainty about the success of their R&D... View Details
Keywords: Profit; Innovation and Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Research and Development; Competitive Strategy
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Lauga, Dominique, and Elie Ofek. "Market Research and Innovation Strategy in a Duopoly." Marketing Science 28, no. 2 (March–April 2009): 373–396.
  • September 2023
  • Teaching Note

CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

By: Willy Shih
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 623-006. Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions,... View Details
Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ship Transportation; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Regulation; Trade; Energy Conservation; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Europe
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Shih, Willy. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 624-019, September 2023.
  • September 2023
  • Teaching Note

Apple’s iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy

By: George Serafeim
Teaching Note for HBS Case 123-089. The case describes the Trade-In system for iPhones that allow iPhones to be refurbished and reused or to be recycled. The case provides information for the students to analyze the financial attractiveness of the Trade-In system and... View Details
Keywords: Iphone; Smartphone; Technology; Business Model Innovation; Carbon Emissions; Recycling; Business Model; Product Design; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Technology Industry
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Serafeim, George. "Apple’s iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 124-026, September 2023.
  • October 25, 2022
  • Article

Why Sharing Economic Growth with the Community Is Good Business

By: José A. Tiburcio, Lino Miguel Dias and Robert S. Kaplan
Subsistence dairy ranchers in Central America struggle to stay afloat during the dry season when grass is scarce. Global life sciences company Bayer has launched a program to enable them to produce their own corn silage feed. The results of this program are helping to... View Details
Keywords: Sharing Economy; Innovation; Economic Growth; Poverty; Production; Supply Chain; Social Enterprise; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Central America
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Tiburcio, José A., Lino Miguel Dias, and Robert S. Kaplan. "Why Sharing Economic Growth with the Community Is Good Business." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 25, 2022).
  • July 2019
  • Case

LaCroix Sparkling Water

By: Tomomichi Amano, Das Narayandas and Kerry Herman
Launched in 1981 as an “all occasion” sparkling water brand, LaCroix Sparkling Water has had a number of ups and downs as a brand. After being purchased by National Beverage in 1996, the brand was re-positioned as a new, colorful, fun alternative to the other sparkling... View Details
Keywords: Brands and Branding; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Industry Structures; Food and Beverage Industry
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Amano, Tomomichi, Das Narayandas, and Kerry Herman. "LaCroix Sparkling Water." Harvard Business School Case 520-014, July 2019.
  • 2019
  • Working Paper

Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 14 Introducing Open Platforms and Ecosystems

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
The purpose of this chapter is to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive theoretical investigation of open platform systems. To do this, we must first recognize that, although there is a strong family resemblance among all platform systems, there are different types of... View Details
Keywords: Open Platforms; Business Ecosystems; Information Technology; Organizational Design; Industry Structures; Digital Platforms
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Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 14 Introducing Open Platforms and Ecosystems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-035, October 2018. (Revised January 2019.)
  • July 2010
  • Technical Note

Note on the Asset Management Industry

By: Clayton S. Rose and Scott Waggoner
This note provides an overview of the structure and function of the asset management industry, with a primary focus on the U.S. It was designed to support the HBS MBA course "Managing the Financial Firm." View Details
Keywords: Asset Management; Business or Company Management; Industry Structures; Financial Services Industry; United States
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Rose, Clayton S., and Scott Waggoner. "Note on the Asset Management Industry." Harvard Business School Technical Note 311-013, July 2010.
  • August 2008 (Revised December 2010)
  • Case

AMD Dresden: Copy Inexactly!

By: Willy C. Shih
The establishment and growth of AMD's Dresden, Germany manufacturing site illustrates how processes develop in an organization and how those processes get institutionalized into a unique culture. Located in the Free State of Saxony in the eastern part of Germany (the... View Details
Keywords: Geographic Location; Industry Clusters; Business Processes; Organizational Culture; Semiconductor Industry; Europe; Dresden
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Shih, Willy C. "AMD Dresden: Copy Inexactly!" Harvard Business School Case 609-004, August 2008. (Revised December 2010.)
  • August 2006 (Revised August 2007)
  • Case

Revenue Recognition Problems in the Communications Equipment Industry

By: Paul M. Healy and Arjuna J Costa
Designed to explore recognition issues in the context of a potential market downturn. In late 2000, Lucent Technologies reports multiple revisions to its recent financial results due to revenue recognition problems, leading to a dramatic decline in its stock price.... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Disclosure; Revenue Recognition; Policy; Supply and Industry; Performance; Communications Industry
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Healy, Paul M., and Arjuna J Costa. "Revenue Recognition Problems in the Communications Equipment Industry." Harvard Business School Case 107-025, August 2006. (Revised August 2007.)
  • September 2023 (Revised May 2025)
  • Teaching Note

On

By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Karolin Frankenberger, Sascha Mader, Jordan Mitchell and Karen Elterman
Teaching Note for "On," HBS Case No. 723-430. On is a premium performance running shoe company founded in Switzerland in 2010. The company rapidly gained traction through its unique CloudTec cushioning technology, its innovative midsole plate called the Speedboard, and... View Details
Keywords: Brands and Branding; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Startups; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Satisfaction; Digital Marketing; Disruptive Innovation; Distribution Channels; Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Global Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Marketing Strategy; Product Design; Product Development; Product Marketing; Social Media; Strategy; Supply Chain Management; Technological Innovation; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Retail Industry; Sports Industry; Europe; Germany; Switzerland; United States
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Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Karolin Frankenberger, Sascha Mader, Jordan Mitchell, and Karen Elterman. "On (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-375, September 2023. (Revised May 2025.)
  • 01 Sep 2017
  • News

Starting Lineup: Power Plays

one-third of the US energy supply. Won a $5.3 million grant from the Department of Energy to test its Triton-C “wave energy converter” at a Navy test site in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Energicity Cofounder and CEO Nicole Poindexter (MBA 1997); Founded 2015 Deploying... View Details
Keywords: Electric Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution; Utilities
  • 20 Feb 2013
  • Research & Ideas

Big Deal: Reflections on the Megamerger of American and US Airways

powerful economic incentive to lend to companies in Chapter 11. (Although American did not need such debtor-in-possession financing, United and Delta together raised almost $3.5 billion in DIP financing in their bankruptcies.) Chapter 11 also allows a company to reject... View Details
Keywords: Re: Rosabeth M. Kanter & Stuart C. Gilson; Air Transportation
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