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      Information TechnologyRemove Information Technology →

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      • June 1994 (Revised September 1994)
      • Background Note

      Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs

      By: Dorothy A. Leonard
      The transformation of technology into commercially successful products is a process fraught with risk and uncertainty, and increasing pressure on time to market is exacerbating the difficulties. This note first describes a study conducted by Hewlett-Packard to improve... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Communication Strategy; Customers; Design; Marketing; Consumer Behavior; Product Development; Research; Risk and Uncertainty; Commercialization; Technology Adoption
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      Leonard, Dorothy A. "Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs." Harvard Business School Background Note 694-102, June 1994. (Revised September 1994.)
      • June 1994 (Revised October 2001)
      • Case

      Mrs. Fields, Inc. (1988-1992)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Keri O. Pearlson and Randi Wade Purchia
      Continues the story of Mrs. Fields Cookies. Explores the new challenges the company faced managing its geographic growth and its expansion of products and markets through combination stores. Details the decision of Debbi and Randy Fields to delegate management... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Expansion; Growth Management; Organizational Structure; Globalization; Information Management; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Keri O. Pearlson, and Randi Wade Purchia. "Mrs. Fields, Inc. (1988-1992)." Harvard Business School Case 194-065, June 1994. (Revised October 2001.)
      • 1994
      • Chapter

      The Virtual Organization: Bureaucracy, Technology, and the Implosion of Control

      By: N. Nohria and J. D. Berkley
      Keywords: Organizational Design; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Power and Influence
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      Nohria, N., and J. D. Berkley. "The Virtual Organization: Bureaucracy, Technology, and the Implosion of Control." In The Post-Bureaucratic Organization: New Perspectives on Organizational Change, edited by Anne Donnellon and Charles C Heckscher. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994.
      • May 1994 (Revised July 1995)
      • Case

      Taco Bell--1994

      By: Leonard A. Schlesinger
      Taco Bell CEO, John Martin, boldly proclaims a growth goal of 200,000 points of access by the year 2000 (the company had approximately 3,600 in 1991). To realize such growth, Martin embraces a philosophy of continual change. The implications for Taco Bell are dramatic... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Food; Organizational Structure; Organizational Culture; Human Resources; Brands and Branding; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Goals and Objectives; Change Management; Expansion; Business Growth and Maturation; Communication; Growth and Development Strategy; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Schlesinger, Leonard A. "Taco Bell--1994." Harvard Business School Case 694-076, May 1994. (Revised July 1995.)
      • April 1994 (Revised October 2002)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1990-1992)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Describes the changes in structure, management systems, people, and processes instituted by the company. Provides students with an opportunity to explore the nature of "IT-enabled" organizational change and the process through which it is implemented. Also enables a... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1990-1992)." Harvard Business School Case 194-109, April 1994. (Revised October 2002.)
      • April 1994 (Revised October 2002)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1987-1989)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Describes the actions taken by the new CEO to return the company to profitability, to clarify the vision, and then to build the infrastructure (human, capital, and information) needed to support the long-term change in strategy and organization. Ends with senior... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Management Teams; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1987-1989)." Harvard Business School Case 194-108, April 1994. (Revised October 2002.)
      • April 1994 (Revised October 2002)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition 1980-1986

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Describes the environmental, organizational, and information technology context in the late 1970s that led to the development of the initial vision for change and the actions taken to implement that vision. The case ends with the abrupt departure of the CEO as profits... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Management Succession; Management Teams; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition 1980-1986." Harvard Business School Case 194-107, April 1994. (Revised October 2002.)
      • April 1994 (Revised October 2001)
      • Case

      Mrs. Fields, Inc. (1977 - 1987)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate and Keri O. Pearlson
      Describes a small company selling freshly baked goods through privately owned specialty stores (each store sells only Mrs. Fields products). The company has about 8,000 employees worldwide and less than 150 information systems people for a unique leverage of MIS... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizations; Management Systems; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M., and Keri O. Pearlson. "Mrs. Fields, Inc. (1977 - 1987)." Harvard Business School Case 194-064, April 1994. (Revised October 2001.)
      • February 1994
      • Background Note

      Causal Inference

      By: Arthur Schleifer Jr.
      Discusses what causation is and what one can (and cannot) learn about causation from observational (nonexperimental) data. View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Analytics and Data Science; Interests
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      Schleifer, Arthur, Jr. "Causal Inference." Harvard Business School Background Note 894-032, February 1994.
      • February 1994 (Revised July 2005)
      • Case

      Competitive Information Policy at Pratt & Whitney

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      Officials at United Technologies Corp. (UTC) must decide on an ethics policy to govern competitive intelligence gathering. The flow of competitor information into the Pratt & Whitney division has declined sharply since adoption of UTC's code of ethics. A rewritten... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Corporate Governance; Ethics; Competition; Information Management; Business or Company Management; Law
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      Paine, Lynn S. "Competitive Information Policy at Pratt & Whitney." Harvard Business School Case 394-154, February 1994. (Revised July 2005.)
      • 1994
      • Book

      Building the Information-Age Organization: Structure, Control, and Information Technologies

      By: J. I. Cash Jr., R. G. Eccles, N. Nohria and R. Nolan
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Information Technology
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      Cash, J. I., Jr., R. G. Eccles, N. Nohria, and R. Nolan. Building the Information-Age Organization: Structure, Control, and Information Technologies. 3rd ed. Irwin Case Book Series in Information Systems Management. Irwin, 1994.
      • January 1994 (Revised November 2002)
      • Case

      Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

      By: Stephen P. Bradley and Pankaj Ghemawat
      Focuses on the evolution of Wal-Mart's remarkably successful discount operations and describes the company's more recent attempts to diversify into other businesses. The company has entered the warehouse club industry with its Sam's Clubs and the grocery business with... View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Price; Marketing Channels; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Information Technology
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      Bradley, Stephen P., and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 794-024, January 1994. (Revised November 2002.)
      • 1994
      • Book

      Strategic Management in Information Technology

      By: D. B. Yoffie
      Keywords: Management; Strategy; Information Technology
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      Yoffie, D. B. Strategic Management in Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
      • 1994
      • Book

      The Making of Global Enterprises

      By: G. Jones
      This volume presents new insights on the history of international business. Two main themes are addressed: how and when has global business developed over the last century? and what has been its impact on host economies? The volume includes a pioneering study by Mira... View Details
      Keywords: Economic History; Business Subsidiaries; Economy; Trade; Globalized Firms and Management; Information Technology
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      Jones, G., ed. The Making of Global Enterprises. London: Frank Cass, 1994.
      • 1994
      • Article

      Integration and Dynamic Capability: Evidence from Development in Automobiles and Mainframe Computers

      By: M. Iansiti and K. B. Clark
      Keywords: Integration; Growth and Development; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure
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      Iansiti, M., and K. B. Clark. "Integration and Dynamic Capability: Evidence from Development in Automobiles and Mainframe Computers." Industrial and Corporate Change 3, no. 3 (1994): 557–605.
      • December 1993
      • Case

      Severn Trent Water (A): A Change of IMAGE

      By: F. Warren McFarlan and Chris L Marshall
      Keywords: Change; Information Technology
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      McFarlan, F. Warren, and Chris L Marshall. "Severn Trent Water (A): A Change of IMAGE." Harvard Business School Case 194-060, December 1993.
      • December 1993
      • Case

      Severn Trent Water (B): Reaping the Technology Dividend

      By: F. Warren McFarlan and Chris L Marshall
      Keywords: Information Technology
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      McFarlan, F. Warren, and Chris L Marshall. "Severn Trent Water (B): Reaping the Technology Dividend." Harvard Business School Case 194-061, December 1993.
      • 1 Nov 1993
      • Conference Presentation

      Information Technology's Role in Transforming Customer Service

      By: Jim I. Cash Jr.
      Keywords: Information Technology; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      Cash, Jim I., Jr. "Information Technology's Role in Transforming Customer Service." Paper presented at the Positioning Customer Support for the Twenty-first Century, University of Texas, November 01, 1993.
      • November 1993
      • Article

      Software Complexity and Software Maintenance Costs

      By: R. Banker, S. Datar, C. Kemerer and D. Zweig
      Keywords: Applications and Software; Cost
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      Banker, R., S. Datar, C. Kemerer, and D. Zweig. "Software Complexity and Software Maintenance Costs." Communications of the ACM 36, no. 11 (November 1993): 81–94.
      • October 1993 (Revised September 1994)
      • Background Note

      Accounting for Productivity Growth

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Introduces students to the arithmetic of the accounting for national productivity growth. It defines labor productivity, capital productivity, and total factor productivity, describes the relationships among them, and discusses the phenomena that cause them to change... View Details
      Keywords: Performance Productivity; Macroeconomics; Analytics and Data Science; Government and Politics; Mathematical Methods; United States; Singapore
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Accounting for Productivity Growth." Harvard Business School Background Note 794-051, October 1993. (Revised September 1994.)
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