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      • March 2024 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Kashat: Navigating the Uncertainties of the Egyptian Fintech Market

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Ahmed Dahawy
      Karim Nour, the founder of Kashat, an Egyptian nano-lending fintech company, is contemplating how to manage the growth of his startup. Over the summer of 2022, Kashat's loan disbursements had grown by nearly 40%, fueled by macroeconomic instability in Egypt. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Business Model; Developing Countries and Economies; Acquisition; Business Exit or Shutdown; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Financing and Loans; Capital; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Egypt
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Kashat: Navigating the Uncertainties of the Egyptian Fintech Market." Harvard Business School Case 824-055, March 2024. (Revised June 2024.)
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Ava DuVernay's Array: Disrupting the Hollywood Film Industry

      By: Anita Elberse and Morgan Brewton-Johnson
      In February 2023 acclaimed filmmaker Ava DuVernay is filming her latest movie, Origin, a daring adaptation of Isabel Wilkerson’s book Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. With Origin, DuVernay is pioneering a method to finance the endeavor—through a combination of... View Details
      Keywords: Financing and Loans; Intellectual Property; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Disruption; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
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      Elberse, Anita, and Morgan Brewton-Johnson. "Ava DuVernay's Array: Disrupting the Hollywood Film Industry." Harvard Business School Case 524-071, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised June 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub

      By: Frank Nagle and Maria P. Roche
      This teaching note is the companion to case N9-624-010 CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub, which takes place in late 2021. The case briefly describes the history of both GitHub and Microsoft with a particular focus on open source software (OSS)—software... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Product Launch; Open Source Distribution; Product Development; Commercialization; Competition; Resource Allocation; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank, and Maria P. Roche. "CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-452, March 2024. (Revised June 2025.)
      • March 2024
      • Supplement

      Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit

      By: Eva Ascarza, Peter Fader, Bruce G.S. Hardie and Michael Ross
      This case presents a scenario where Madrigal, a U.S. retailer with a rich 20-year history and a solid loyalty program, faces a turning point with the arrival of a new CEO. This leadership change reveals a critical gap in understanding the customer base, prompting an... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Retail Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Peter Fader, Bruce G.S. Hardie, and Michael Ross. "Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 524-068, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Supplement

      Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit

      By: Eva Ascarza, Bruce Hardie, Peter S. Fader and Michael Ross
      This case presents a scenario where Madrigal, a U.S. retailer with a rich 20-year history and a solid loyalty program, faces a turning point with the arrival of a new CEO. This leadership change reveals a critical gap in understanding the customer base, prompting an... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Retail Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Bruce Hardie, Peter S. Fader, and Michael Ross. "Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 524-707, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Supplement

      Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit

      By: Eva Ascarza, Bruce Hardie, Peter S. Fader and Michael Ross
      This case presents a scenario where Madrigal, a U.S. retailer with a rich 20-year history and a solid loyalty program, faces a turning point with the arrival of a new CEO. This leadership change reveals a critical gap in understanding the customer base, prompting an... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Retail Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Bruce Hardie, Peter S. Fader, and Michael Ross. "Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 524-706, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit

      By: Eva Ascarza, Peter S. Fader, Bruce Hardie and Michael Ross
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 524-046. This case presents a scenario where Madrigal, a U.S. retailer with a rich 20-year history and a solid loyalty program, faces a turning point with the arrival of a new CEO. This leadership change reveals a critical gap in... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Customer Value and Value Chain; Retail Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Peter S. Fader, Bruce Hardie, and Michael Ross. "Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 524-047, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit

      By: Eva Ascarza, Bruce Hardie, Michael Ross and Peter S. Fader
      This case presents a scenario where Madrigal, a U.S. retailer with a rich 20-year history and a solid loyalty program, faces a turning point with the arrival of a new CEO. This leadership change reveals a critical gap in understanding the customer base, prompting an... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Customer Value and Value Chain; Retail Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Bruce Hardie, Michael Ross, and Peter S. Fader. "Madrigal: Conducting a Customer-Base Audit." Harvard Business School Case 524-046, March 2024.
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Nomad: A License to Bank

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Pedro Levindo
      In late 2023, Lucas Vargas, CEO and co-founder of Nomad, a fintech that offered financial services in the United States for Brazilian residents, had to decide what to do to ensure the company’s continued expansion. Nomad launched its first product, a U.S. digital bank... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Startups; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Entrepreneurship; Banks and Banking; Initial Public Offering; Global Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Organizational Culture; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Innovation and Invention; Strategic Planning; Business and Government Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Vertical Integration; Leadership; Law; Banking Industry; Banking Industry; Banking Industry; Brazil; United States; North America; Latin America
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Pedro Levindo. "Nomad: A License to Bank." Harvard Business School Case 824-144, March 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World

      By: Josh Lerner, Junxi Liu, Jacob Moscona and David Yang
      Global innovation and entrepreneurship has traditionally been dominated by a handful of high-income countries, especially the US. This paper investigates the international consequences of the rise of a new hub for innovation, focusing on the dramatic growth of... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Emerging Markets; Economic Growth; China
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      Lerner, Josh, Junxi Liu, Jacob Moscona, and David Yang. "Appropriate Entrepreneurship? The Rise of China and the Developing World." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-061, March 2024. (Revise and Resubmit, Journal of Political Economy. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 31898 and European Corporate Governance Institute Working Paper No. 964/2024. Related discussion published as “China’s Rise Reshaped Global Entrepreneurship and Expanded the Benefits of Innovation,” VoxDev, 2024 and “Sharing the Entrepreneurial Wealth,” VoxChina, 2024 and VoxEU, 2024.)
      • March 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      'The Wheels on the Bus' Go Electric: Highland Electric Fleets and Partners

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Founder Duncan McIntyre developed an innovative service-based business to electrify transportation fleets for school districts and scale through public-private partnerships while contributing to climate change solutions. The case covers the rationale for electric... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Leadership; Growth Management; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Innovation Leadership; Transportation Industry; United States; Canada
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Jacob A. Small. "'The Wheels on the Bus' Go Electric: Highland Electric Fleets and Partners." Harvard Business School Case 324-107, March 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • March 2024
      • Case

      East Rock Capital: 'Talent Is the Best Asset Class'

      By: Boris Groysberg, Sarah L. Abbott and Izzy Yeoh
      Adam Shapiro and Graham Duncan launched East Rock Capital, LLC in 2006 with a seed investment from Stuart Miller, executive chairman of Lennar Corporation. East Rock managed long-term assets for high-net-worth families, primarily working with external managers who had... View Details
      Keywords: Alternative Assets; Hiring; HNW Products And Services; Recruiting; Hedge Funds; Wealth Management; Asset Management; Private Equity; Financial Institutions; Marketing Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Groysberg, Boris, Sarah L. Abbott, and Izzy Yeoh. "East Rock Capital: 'Talent Is the Best Asset Class'." Harvard Business School Case 424-017, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Governing OpenAI (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
      In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Governance Changes; Governance Structure; Leadership Change; Legal Aspects Of Business; Nonprofit Governance; Strategy And Execution; Technological Change; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management; Mission and Purpose; Technological Innovation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Ethics; Nonprofit Organizations; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry; San Francisco; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, and Will Hurwitz. "Governing OpenAI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-103, March 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
      • March 2024 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Darktrace: Scaling Cybersecurity and AI (A)

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport and Alexis Lefort
      In 2023, Darktrace CEO Poppy Gustafsson was contemplating her growth strategy at a leading U.K.-based cybersecurity venture, launched in 2013 by a group of anti-terror cyber specialists, University of Cambridge mathematicians, and artificial intelligence (AI) experts.... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Talent; Scaling; Entrepreneurship; Cybersecurity; Leadership; Business Growth and Maturation; Recruitment; Resignation and Termination; AI and Machine Learning; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Culture; Going Public; Technology Industry; United Kingdom; Europe; United States
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., and Alexis Lefort. "Darktrace: Scaling Cybersecurity and AI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-092, March 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • March 2024
      • Article

      Medicare Price Negotiation and Pharmaceutical Innovation Following the Inflation Reduction Act

      By: Matthew Vogel, Pragya Kakani, Amitabh Chandra and Rena M. Conti
      The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) requires Medicare to negotiate lower prices for some medicines with high Medicare spending. Using historical data from public and proprietary sources to apply the IRA's negotiation criteria retrospectively, we identify all drugs that... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Government Legislation; Health Care and Treatment; Negotiation; Price; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Vogel, Matthew, Pragya Kakani, Amitabh Chandra, and Rena M. Conti. "Medicare Price Negotiation and Pharmaceutical Innovation Following the Inflation Reduction Act." Nature Biotechnology 42, no. 3 (March 2024): 406–412.
      • February 2024
      • Case

      Vespucci Partners: The New World of Venture Capital in Hungary

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Tonia Labruyere and Emilie Billaud
      Julia Sohajda was the young, female founding partner of the Hungarian VC firm Vespucci Partners, which focused on investing at seed stage into Hungarian deep tech startups and prepare them for a launch in the U.S market. Vespucci's first fund had largely been comprised... View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Business Startups; Investment Funds; Financing and Loans; Entrepreneurship; Financial Services Industry; Hungary; United States
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      Gompers, Paul A., Tonia Labruyere, and Emilie Billaud. "Vespucci Partners: The New World of Venture Capital in Hungary." Harvard Business School Case 824-138, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Background Note

      Frederick Herzberg on Motivating Employees

      By: Willy C. Shih
      This background note summarizes Frederick Herzberg's development of his motivation-hygiene theory, his theory regarding job enrichment, and how the theory has evolved. This is at the core of extrinsic versus intrinsic motivation. View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Theory; Service Industry; Service Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "Frederick Herzberg on Motivating Employees." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-085, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

      By: Karen G. Mills, Allison H. Mnookin, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Shu Lin, Julianne Bliss and Morgane Herculano
      Le Thi Thu Thuy, Vice Chairwoman of Vingroup, the largest private conglomerate in Vietnam, and Global CEO of VinFast, Vingroup’s automotive subsidiary established in 2017, was contemplating VinFast’s future strategy. Domestically, the EV market in Vietnam was in its... View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Business Conglomerates; Global Strategy; Emerging Markets; Business Strategy; Infrastructure; Competition; Auto Industry; Viet Nam
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      Mills, Karen G., Allison H. Mnookin, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Shu Lin, Julianne Bliss, and Morgane Herculano. "Doing Business in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Harvard Business School Case 324-096, February 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 2024 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Taffi: Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Fares Khrais
      Taffi was a tech-enabled fashion styling startup founded by Shahad Geoffrey in Saudi Arabia in 2020. Within three years of operating, Geoffrey had pivoted the business multiple times. In 2023, Geoffrey was attempting the business’s most ambitious pivot yet, shifting... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Disruption; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Investment; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Strategy; AI and Machine Learning; Fashion Industry; Fashion Industry; Saudi Arabia; Arabian Peninsula
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Fares Khrais. "Taffi: Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia." Harvard Business School Case 224-052, February 2024. (Revised July 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Data-Driven Denim: Financial Forecasting at Levi Strauss

      By: Mark Egan
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 224-029. Levi Strauss & Co. (“Levi Strauss”) partnered with the IT services company Wipro to incorporate more sophisticated methods, such as machine learning, into their financial forecasting process starting in 2018. The decision to... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting; Regression; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Apparel; Corporate Finance; Forecasting and Prediction; AI and Machine Learning; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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      Egan, Mark. "Data-Driven Denim: Financial Forecasting at Levi Strauss." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 224-073, February 2024.
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