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  • All HBS Web  (10,004)
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  • June 2025
  • Technical Note

Open Source Software and Hardware Business Models

By: Frank Nagle and Richie Zitomer
Open source software (OSS) and open source hardware (OSH) have evolved from community-driven projects into mainstream phenomena with diverse commercial business models. In OSS, the source code is freely available for use, modification, and redistribution under open... View Details
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Nagle, Frank, and Richie Zitomer. "Open Source Software and Hardware Business Models." Harvard Business School Technical Note 725-489, September 2025.
  • October 2024 (Revised October 2024)
  • Case

Parexel: Scaling Up and Industry Dynamics

By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
Through the lens of biopharmaceutical contract research organization (CRO) PAREXEL, this case traces the evolution of the firm as it reinvents itself in response to the transformation of the CRO sector from a small, secondary cluster of firms into a major player with... View Details
Keywords: Research; Innovation and Invention; Business Model; Transformation; Globalization; Information Technology; Competitive Advantage; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Parexel: Scaling Up and Industry Dynamics." Harvard Business School Case 325-046, October 2024. (Revised October 2024.)
  • Article

Young and No Money? Never Mind: The Material Impact of Social Resources on New Venture Growth

By: Mukti Khaire
Although growth is a desirable outcome for new ventures due to the many advantages of large size, most new firms fail to grow, largely due to their limited resources and adaptability. This paper addresses the question of how new ventures grow despite their limited... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Status and Position; Advertising Industry; Chicago; New York (city, NY)
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Khaire, Mukti. "Young and No Money? Never Mind: The Material Impact of Social Resources on New Venture Growth." Organization Science 21, no. 1 (January–February 2010): 168–185.
  • January 2018 (Revised April 2021)
  • Case

Capital Allocation at HCA

By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash... View Details
Keywords: Capital Allocation; Cash Distribution Policy; Dividends; Share Repurchases; Growth Strategy And Execution; Growth Investing; Capital Expenditures; Debt Management; Debt Reduction; Debt Policy; Hospital Management; Investor-owned Hospital Chains; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cash Flow; Corporate Finance; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Industry; United States
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Kester, W. Carl, and Emily R. McComb. "Capital Allocation at HCA." Harvard Business School Case 218-039, January 2018. (Revised April 2021.)
  • March 2013
  • Article

From Social Control to Financial Economics: The Linked Ecologies of Economics and Business in Twentieth Century America

By: Marion Fourcade and Rakesh Khurana
This article draws on historical material to examine the co-evolution of economic science and business education over the course of the twentieth century, showing that fields evolve not only through internal struggles but also through struggles taking place in adjacent... View Details
Keywords: Professions; Disciplines; Neo-Liberalism; Education; Economics; Finance; Society; United States
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Fourcade, Marion, and Rakesh Khurana. "From Social Control to Financial Economics: The Linked Ecologies of Economics and Business in Twentieth Century America." Theory and Society 42, no. 2 (March 2013): 121–159.

    Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Favors the Greater Good

    The “veil of ignorance” is a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision-making by denying decision-makers access to potentially biasing information about who will benefit most or least from the available options. Veil-of-ignorance reasoning was... View Details

    • Profile

    Kamen Bliznashki

    Why is getting a HBS MBA important to you? Coming from an investment banking background, I lacked deep understanding of the larger strategic challenges of clients. I see my HBS experience as an opportunity to broaden and deepen my skill... View Details
    Keywords: Energy / Extractive Minerals; Manufacturing
    • 17 Nov 2010
    • Working Paper Summaries

    Network Effects in Countries’ Adoption of IFRS

    Keywords: by Karthik Ramanna & Ewa Sletten
    • TeachingInterests

    Founders' Dilemmas

    Founders' Dilemmas examines the early, often difficult, decisions that have important long-term consequences for founders and their ventures. Potential consequences include losing control of their ventures, breaking up of the founding team due to tensions between... View Details

    • February 2010 (Revised June 2011)
    • Case

    Zotter Living by Chocolate

    By: Mukti Khaire, Stefan Aichinger, Monika Maria Elisabeth Hoffmann and Maximilian Georg Manfred Schnoedl
    This case is about a boutique chocolate manufacturer's decision to grow. Zotter, an Austrian company that was a pioneer in the organic and Fairtrade chocolate movement, uses the traditional confit technique to make premium hand-scooped chocolates in unusual and... View Details
    Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Entrepreneurship; Global Strategy; Innovation and Invention; Growth and Development Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Austria
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    Khaire, Mukti, Stefan Aichinger, Monika Maria Elisabeth Hoffmann, and Maximilian Georg Manfred Schnoedl. "Zotter Living by Chocolate." Harvard Business School Case 810-091, February 2010. (Revised June 2011.)
    • February 2018 (Revised August 2018)
    • Case

    Blue Haven Initiative: The PEGAfrica Investment

    By: Vikram S. Gandhi, Caitlin Reimers Brumme and Amram Migdal
    This case examines Blue Haven Initiative (BHI), an impact investing fund and family office, and one of its investments, PEGAfrica (PEG). BHI founder Liesel Pritzker Simmons’ motivations for using her family wealth to start a family office focused on impact investing,... View Details
    Keywords: Impact Investing; Family Office; Development; International Development; International Development Investing; Development Fund; Sustainability; Solar Energy; Solar; Pay As You Go; PAYG; MFI; Social Venture; Business Ventures; Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Economics; Development Economics; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Sources; Renewable Energy; Social Entrepreneurship; Finance; Assets; Asset Pricing; Capital; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Venture Capital; Cash; Cash Flow; Currency; Currency Exchange Rate; Equity; Private Equity; Financial Instruments; Debt Securities; Stock Shares; Financing and Loans; Microfinance; International Finance; Investment; Investment Return; Investment Activism; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Price; Geography; Geographic Location; Emerging Markets; Ownership; Ownership Stake; Private Ownership; Social Enterprise; Value; Valuation; Value Creation; Energy Industry; Financial Services Industry; Green Technology Industry; Africa; United States
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    Gandhi, Vikram S., Caitlin Reimers Brumme, and Amram Migdal. "Blue Haven Initiative: The PEGAfrica Investment." Harvard Business School Case 318-003, February 2018. (Revised August 2018.)
    • April 2009
    • Case

    Young Presidents' Organization

    By: Mikolaj Jan Piskorski, John D. Macomber and David Chen
    The board of Young Presidents' Organization needs to decide on the future of its Networks Initiative, designed to connect its geographically dispersed membership base through 60 different interest-based networks. So far, one half of these networks have been considered... View Details
    Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Governing and Advisory Boards; Leadership Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizations; Social and Collaborative Networks
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    Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan, John D. Macomber, and David Chen. "Young Presidents' Organization." Harvard Business School Case 709-444, April 2009.
    • January 1986 (Revised December 1986)
    • Case

    Smartfood

    By: William A. Sahlman
    Contains a description of a major financing decision confronting the management and advisors of Smartfood, Inc., a company which hopes to market a cheese flavored popcorn product. The primary pedagogic objective is to teach students about matching the financing plan... View Details
    Keywords: Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Financial Strategy; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Market Entry and Exit; Decision Choices and Conditions; Financial Management; Food and Beverage Industry
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    Sahlman, William A. "Smartfood." Harvard Business School Case 286-064, January 1986. (Revised December 1986.)
    • May 2022
    • Case

    Executive Decision-Making at Zola

    By: Amy C. Edmondson and Michael Roberto
    In April 2020, Rachel Jarrett, President and COO of wedding technology company Zola, called a meeting with the organization’s key decision-makers. The company had previously launched three business expansions: a vendor marketplace, a wedding apparel division, and a... View Details
    Keywords: Decision Making; Voting; Decision Choices and Conditions; Management Skills; Management; Management Style; Organizations; Organizational Culture; Technology Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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    Edmondson, Amy C., and Michael Roberto. "Executive Decision-Making at Zola." Harvard Business School Case 622-074, May 2022.
    • 21 Apr 2016
    • Cold Call Podcast

    Walmart: Changing the World for Better or Worse?

    Keywords: Re: Rebecca M. Henderson
    • 03 Oct 2013
    • News

    Study: Rankings Affect Student Applications

    • January 2000 (Revised March 2000)
    • Case

    Cachet Technologies

    By: Paul A. Gompers and Howard Reitz
    Describes the decision facing Danny Lewin, Jonathan Seelig, and Tom Leighton, the founders of Cachet Technologies, an MIT spin-out. The firm has done poorly in the annual MIT business plan competition and the founders have to decide whether to continue. View Details
    Keywords: Decision Making; Business Startups; Business Plan; Failure; Cooperative Ownership; Business Strategy; Financial Services Industry
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    Gompers, Paul A., and Howard Reitz. "Cachet Technologies." Harvard Business School Case 200-031, January 2000. (Revised March 2000.)
    • Program

    Developing Yourself as a Leader—Virtual

    leader. These learning outcomes include crafting a more strategic and effective approach to your career trajectory grounded authentically in your strengths, experiences and, aspirations; readiness in communications, negotiations,... View Details
    • Article

    Bringing Probability Judgments into Policy Debates via Forecasting Tournaments

    By: Philip E. Tetlock, Barbara A. Mellers and J. Peter Scoblic
    Political debates often suffer from vague-verbiage predictions that make it difficult to assess accuracy and improve policy. A tournament sponsored by the U.S. intelligence community revealed ways in which forecasters can better use probability estimates to make... View Details
    Keywords: Tournaments; Politics; Depolarization; Knowledge Creation; Forecasting and Prediction; Government and Politics
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    Tetlock, Philip E., Barbara A. Mellers, and J. Peter Scoblic. "Bringing Probability Judgments into Policy Debates via Forecasting Tournaments." Science 355, no. 6324 (February 3, 2017): 481–483.
    • Program

    Disruptive Innovation

    around innovation initiatives Rethink your product, market and strategy Apply disruptive theories to complex problems and opportunities Build the skills and vision critical to leading change Make better View Details
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