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      • August 1995 (Revised August 1995)
      • Case

      CIGNA Property and Casualty Reengineering (A)

      By: Richard L. Nolan, Donna B. Stoddard, Chiara Francalanci and Elise C Martin
      Reengineering was introduced at CIGNA Corp. in 1988. CIGNA entered a second wave reengineering effort through a major project at CIGNA P&C, one of CIGNA's larger businesses. P&C was in financial crisis and as a result brought in a new executive team in 1991 to head the... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Cost vs Benefits; Design; Growth and Development; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Balanced Scorecard; Financial Crisis; Crisis Management; Projects; Information Technology; Insurance Industry
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      Nolan, Richard L., Donna B. Stoddard, Chiara Francalanci, and Elise C Martin. "CIGNA Property and Casualty Reengineering (A)." Harvard Business School Case 196-059, August 1995. (Revised August 1995.)
      • March 1995 (Revised April 1997)
      • Case

      Co-operative Bank, The

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Srikant M. Datar
      A British bank with strong roots in the cooperative movement encounters declining profitability in an increasingly competitive and deregulated financial services industry. It attempts to grow by broadening its customer base and increasing the range of products and... View Details
      Keywords: Product; Competition; Expansion; Cost Management; Activity Based Costing and Management; Profit; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Srikant M. Datar. "Co-operative Bank, The." Harvard Business School Case 195-196, March 1995. (Revised April 1997.)
      • December 1994
      • Case

      AB SKA (Sweden)

      By: David F. Hawkins, V.G. Narayanan and Robert L. Simons
      A senior manager faces three accounting and control decisions related to a new R&D project: to expense or capitalize, how to implement management control over the R&D function, and how to use activity-based cost drivers for product costing. View Details
      Keywords: Cost Accounting; Management Practices and Processes; Cost Management; Activity Based Costing and Management; Research and Development; Sweden
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      Hawkins, David F., V.G. Narayanan, and Robert L. Simons. "AB SKA (Sweden)." Harvard Business School Case 195-180, December 1994.
      • December 1994
      • Background Note

      Cost System Analysis

      By: Robert S. Kaplan
      Describes six characteristics of cost systems: standard vs. actual costs; job-order vs. process costing; variable vs. full costs; disaggregate vs. aggregate cost accumulation; and specific vs. average rates for labor and overhead. A rewritten version of an earlier... View Details
      Keywords: Cost; Analysis; System
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      Kaplan, Robert S. "Cost System Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 195-181, December 1994.
      • August 1994 (Revised May 2001)
      • Case

      ITT Automotive: Global Manufacturing Strategy (1994)

      By: Gary P. Pisano and Sharon L. Rossi
      ITT Automotive is in the process of developing a new-generation antilock brake system (ABS), designated the MK-20. The case focuses on the level of automation to be used in the production of this new system, and whether all plants should use the same process... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Innovation Strategy; Production; Product Development; Globalized Firms and Management; Performance Productivity; Manufacturing Industry; Auto Industry; Belgium; Germany; United States
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      Pisano, Gary P., and Sharon L. Rossi. "ITT Automotive: Global Manufacturing Strategy (1994)." Harvard Business School Case 695-002, August 1994. (Revised May 2001.)
      • March 1994 (Revised March 1995)
      • Case

      Astra/Merck Group

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Marie Bell
      Astra/Merck (A/M), originally a joint venture of AB Astra and Merck & Co., is preparing to be an independent company in 1993. Since the company does not engage in basic research and development of drugs, it is essentially a distribution organization. Fundamental to... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Marketing Strategy; Distribution; Performance Evaluation; Research and Development; Risk and Uncertainty; Sales; Competitive Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Marie Bell. "Astra/Merck Group." Harvard Business School Case 594-045, March 1994. (Revised March 1995.)
      • March 1994 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      Reading Energy

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Reading Energy builds facilities that produce energy from nontraditional fuels. A privately held, entrepreneurial organization, it has spent six years developing a plan to build a waste-to-energy plant in the town of Robbins, Illinois. The plant would burn municipal... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Business and Community Relations; Business Plan; Agreements and Arrangements; Contracts; Risk and Uncertainty; Government and Politics; Environmental Sustainability; Business Strategy; Energy Industry; Utilities Industry; Illinois
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Reading Energy." Harvard Business School Case 794-102, March 1994. (Revised October 1994.)
      • December 1993 (Revised March 1995)
      • Case

      Medical Products Co.

      By: Robert H. Hayes
      In early 1990, the company is contemplating changes in its European plant network for producing hypodermic products, including the total production capacity to be provided, the number and location of plants over which to spread this capacity, and which products should... View Details
      Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Decision Making; Forecasting and Prediction; Cost; Production; Performance Capacity; Performance Effectiveness; Strategic Planning; Competitive Strategy; Health Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Europe
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      Hayes, Robert H. "Medical Products Co." Harvard Business School Case 694-065, December 1993. (Revised March 1995.)
      • November 1993 (Revised March 1997)
      • Case

      Romeo Engine Plant

      By: Amy P. Hutton and Robert S. Kaplan
      A newly reopened automobile engine plant has been organized along total quality and teamwork principles. Employees now is to solve problems and ensure quality, rather than watch parts being produced. New operating and financial systems have been installed to promote... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Groups and Teams; Performance Efficiency; Performance Improvement; Manufacturing Industry; Auto Industry
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      Hutton, Amy P., and Robert S. Kaplan. "Romeo Engine Plant." Harvard Business School Case 194-032, November 1993. (Revised March 1997.)
      • September 1993 (Revised December 1993)
      • Background Note

      Note on Pricing and Public Policy

      By: Willis M. Emmons III
      Surveys a number of essential issues related to pricing and public policy in market economies. Begins with a brief review of the price-determination process in competitive markets, then examines a range of topics involving pricing and public policy in monopoly and... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Business Strategy; Policy; Valuation; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Competition; Economic Systems; Monopoly; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Cost
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      Emmons, Willis M., III. "Note on Pricing and Public Policy." Harvard Business School Background Note 794-027, September 1993. (Revised December 1993.)
      • April 1993 (Revised May 1994)
      • Case

      General Dynamics and Computer Sciences Corporation: Outsourcing the IS Function (A)

      By: F. Warren McFarlan and Katherine Seger
      Designed to generate discussion on the issues of outsourcing from the perspective of a firm thinking about turning over its IS activities to a third-party vendor. View Details
      Keywords: Management Systems; Management Style; Information Technology; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Business Strategy; Economic Systems; Business or Company Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Processes; Employment; Emerging Markets; Activity Based Costing and Management; Information Technology Industry; Consulting Industry
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      McFarlan, F. Warren, and Katherine Seger. "General Dynamics and Computer Sciences Corporation: Outsourcing the IS Function (A)." Harvard Business School Case 193-144, April 1993. (Revised May 1994.)
      • December 1992
      • Exercise

      Negotiation Exercise on Tradeable Pollution Allowances: Group A, Utility #1

      By: Willis M. Emmons III
      Describes the position of Utility #1 in negotiating Group A with respect to 1) its SO emissions reduction requirements; 2) the costs of its alternative compliance strategies; and 3) the nature of its state regulatory environment. View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation Participants; Negotiation Process; Pollutants; Laws and Statutes; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governance Compliance; Utilities Industry; United States
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      Emmons, Willis M., III. "Negotiation Exercise on Tradeable Pollution Allowances: Group A, Utility #1." Harvard Business School Exercise 793-073, December 1992.
      • December 1992 (Revised November 1993)
      • Exercise

      Negotiation Exercise on Tradeable Pollution Allowances: Group C, Utility #3

      By: Willis M. Emmons III
      Describes the position of Utility #3 in negotiating Group C with respect to 1) its SO emissions reduction requirements; 2) the costs of its alternative compliance strategies; and 3) the nature of its state regulatory environment. View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation Participants; Negotiation Process; Pollutants; Laws and Statutes; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governance Compliance; Utilities Industry; United States
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      Emmons, Willis M., III. "Negotiation Exercise on Tradeable Pollution Allowances: Group C, Utility #3." Harvard Business School Exercise 793-083, December 1992. (Revised November 1993.)
      • October 1992 (Revised August 1994)
      • Case

      Allied-Signal: Managing the Hazardous Waste Liability Risk

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Edward Prewitt
      Allied-Signal, Inc., one of the world's oldest chemical companies and today a diversified conglomerate, is liable for clean-up costs of old hazardous waste sites. These costs are substantial: reserves grew to nearly $500 million in 1991. Attempting to avoid further... View Details
      Keywords: Wastes and Waste Processing; Environmental Sustainability; Programs; Cost Management; Policy; Government Legislation; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Governance Compliance; Legal Liability; Chemical Industry; United States; Europe
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Edward Prewitt. "Allied-Signal: Managing the Hazardous Waste Liability Risk." Harvard Business School Case 793-044, October 1992. (Revised August 1994.)
      • September 1992 (Revised October 1992)
      • Case

      Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (B)

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      In addition to the issues of expected cost minimization elucidated in Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A), problems involving regulatory uncertainty are critical to the firm's Clean Air Act compliance strategy. The regulatory uncertainty affects, and is affected by, the... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Business Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Cost vs Benefits; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategic Planning; Investment Return; Government Legislation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Business and Government Relations; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (B)." Harvard Business School Case 793-040, September 1992. (Revised October 1992.)
      • February 1992 (Revised April 1993)
      • Case

      Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      The Southern Co., an electric utility, is planning its compliance with the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. The Act established a system of tradeable permits for sulfur dioxide emissions. The company must decide whether to install pollution control equipment and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Business Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Cost vs Benefits; Financial Management; Strategic Planning; Investment Return; Government Legislation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-060, February 1992. (Revised April 1993.)
      • December 1991 (Revised October 1998)
      • Case

      Eli Lilly and Co.: Manufacturing Process Technology Strategy--1991

      By: Gary P. Pisano, Steven C. Wheelwright and Jonathan West
      Outlines the evolution of Lilly's corporate manufacturing strategy over the past decade. The corporate vice president of manufacturing must decide on the next phase of Lilly's strategy for the early 1990s, as well as to what extent and what role process development... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Management Practices and Processes; Industry Structures; Product Development; Production; Research and Development; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Manufacturing Industry
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      Pisano, Gary P., Steven C. Wheelwright, and Jonathan West. "Eli Lilly and Co.: Manufacturing Process Technology Strategy--1991." Harvard Business School Case 692-056, December 1991. (Revised October 1998.)
      • February 1991
      • Case

      Burlington Northern: The ARES Decision (B)

      By: Julie H. Hertenstein and Robert S. Kaplan
      The ARES team formally proposes that Burlington Northern implement the ARES system. The project meets resistance. In light of financial restructuring and high level of debt, executives wonder whether the company can afford ARES. Weak links during the ARES development... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting Audits; Restructuring; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Borrowing and Debt; Capital Budgeting; Projects; Technology Adoption; Service Industry
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      Hertenstein, Julie H., and Robert S. Kaplan. "Burlington Northern: The ARES Decision (B)." Harvard Business School Case 191-123, February 1991.
      • November 1990 (Revised April 1999)
      • Case

      General Motors: Packard Electric Division

      By: Steven C. Wheelwright
      Packard Electric is the division of General Motors (GM) that does all of the electrical wiring and cabling for GM automobiles. They developed a new approach for passing the cables through the firewall between the engine and passenger compartments. The new technology... View Details
      Keywords: Business Divisions; Cost; Management Style; Product Design; Product Development; Production; Projects; Groups and Teams; Conflict and Resolution; Technology; Auto Industry
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      Wheelwright, Steven C. "General Motors: Packard Electric Division." Harvard Business School Case 691-030, November 1990. (Revised April 1999.)
      • November 1990 (Revised May 1994)
      • Case

      Microsoft Corp.: Office Business Unit

      By: Marco Iansiti
      Describes the development of a new word processing software package, Word for Windows. The major focus is how the development process should be improved to reduce schedule slips and cost overruns. Some of the issues raised are: the use of schedules in managing... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Strategy; Cost Management; Business or Company Management; Time Management; Product Development; Programs; Projects; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Information Technology Industry
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      Iansiti, Marco. "Microsoft Corp.: Office Business Unit." Harvard Business School Case 691-033, November 1990. (Revised May 1994.)
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