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      DiscountsRemove Discounts →

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      • January 1995 (Revised August 1997)
      • Background Note

      Cross-Border Valuation

      By: Kenneth A. Froot and W. Carl Kester
      Provides a review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital and the use of adjusted present value. Special concerns such as foreign-exchange risk, country risks,... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Froot, Kenneth A., and W. Carl Kester. "Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-100, January 1995. (Revised August 1997.)
      • January 1994 (Revised November 2002)
      • Case

      Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

      By: Stephen P. Bradley and Pankaj Ghemawat
      Focuses on the evolution of Wal-Mart's remarkably successful discount operations and describes the company's more recent attempts to diversify into other businesses. The company has entered the warehouse club industry with its Sam's Clubs and the grocery business with... View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Price; Marketing Channels; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Information Technology
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      Bradley, Stephen P., and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 794-024, January 1994. (Revised November 2002.)
      • December 1992 (Revised July 1993)
      • Supplement

      Wal-Mart Update 1992

      By: David B. Yoffie and Jonathan Ginns
      Updates Wal-Mart Stores' Discount Operations case from 1985 to 1992. View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Retail Industry; United States
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      Yoffie, David B., and Jonathan Ginns. "Wal-Mart Update 1992." Harvard Business School Supplement 793-070, December 1992. (Revised July 1993.)
      • December 1992
      • Supplement

      Wal-Mart Ventures into Mexico

      By: David B. Yoffie and Jonathan Ginns
      Introduces Wal-Mart's initial plans to enter the Mexican retail market. Designed for use with Wal-Mart Stores' Discount Operations. View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Globalization; Retail Industry; United States; Mexico
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      Yoffie, David B., and Jonathan Ginns. "Wal-Mart Ventures into Mexico." Harvard Business School Supplement 793-071, December 1992.
      • Article

      The Discounting of Discounts and Promotion Thresholds

      By: Sunil Gupta and Lee G. Cooper
      Keywords: Product Marketing
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      Gupta, Sunil, and Lee G. Cooper. "The Discounting of Discounts and Promotion Thresholds." Journal of Consumer Research 19, no. 3 (December 1992): 401–411.
      • February 1992 (Revised July 1992)
      • Background Note

      Note on Cross-Border Valuation

      By: W. Carl Kester and Julia Morley
      Provides a fundamental technical review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital, the use of adjusted present value, and the importance of considering real... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Julia Morley. "Note on Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 292-084, February 1992. (Revised July 1992.)
      • February 1992 (Revised April 1993)
      • Case

      Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      The Southern Co., an electric utility, is planning its compliance with the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. The Act established a system of tradeable permits for sulfur dioxide emissions. The company must decide whether to install pollution control equipment and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Business Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Cost vs Benefits; Financial Management; Strategic Planning; Investment Return; Government Legislation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-060, February 1992. (Revised April 1993.)
      • June 1990 (Revised January 1993)
      • Case

      Dynatronics, Inc. (Abridged)

      By: Thomas R. Piper
      Provides an opportunity to evaluate an investment in a new product line in strategic, competitive, organizational, and economic terms. The economic analysis involves an estimation of the relevant cash flows and discounting them at an appropriate hurdle rate. View Details
      Keywords: Product; Forecasting and Prediction; Investment; Capital Budgeting
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      Piper, Thomas R. "Dynatronics, Inc. (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 290-064, June 1990. (Revised January 1993.)
      • May 1990
      • Article

      Price Discounting in Multi-echelon Distribution Systems

      By: R. Jaikumar and V. K. Rangan
      Keywords: Price; System
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      Jaikumar, R., and V. K. Rangan. "Price Discounting in Multi-echelon Distribution Systems." Engineering Costs and Production Economics 19, nos. 1-3 (May 1990): 341–349.
      • Article

      Forward Discount Bias: Is It an Exchange Risk Premium?

      By: K. A. Froot and J. Frankel
      Keywords: Currencies; Exchange Rates; International Macroeconomics; Monetary Policy; Currency Controls; Fixed Exchange Rates; Floating Exchange Rates; Currency Bands; Currency Zones; Currency Areas; Rational Expectations; Asset Pricing
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      Froot, K. A., and J. Frankel. "Forward Discount Bias: Is It an Exchange Risk Premium?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, no. 1 (February 1989): 139–161. (Revision of "Findings of Forward Discount Bias Interpreted in Light of Exchange Rate Survey Data," NBER Working Paper No. 1963 and Sloan Working Paper No. 1906-87, August 1987. Reprinted in Advances in Behavioral Finance, edited by Richard Thaler. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993: 359-382 and in Speculation and Financial Markets, edited by M. Taylor and L. Gallagher. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001.)
      • January 1989 (Revised October 1993)
      • Background Note

      Note: Valuing a Business Acquisition Opportunity

      By: William E. Fruhan Jr.
      Describes how to value an acquisition opportunity as a capital budgeting problem. Cash flows are discounted at the cost of capital and debt is deducted to value the equity capital of the target company. A key contribution of the note is the discussion of five methods... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Acquisition; Opportunities
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      Fruhan, William E., Jr. "Note: Valuing a Business Acquisition Opportunity." Harvard Business School Background Note 289-039, January 1989. (Revised October 1993.)
      • October 1987 (Revised January 2013)
      • Background Note

      Note on Free Cash Flow Valuation Models

      By: William A. Sahlman
      Explores some of the issues involved in valuing cash flow streams. A simple model is presented that reveals the effect on value of changing assumptions about the appropriate discount rate, the level of profitability, the growth rate of sales, the asset intensity ratio,... View Details
      Keywords: Cash Flow; Valuation
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      Sahlman, William A. "Note on Free Cash Flow Valuation Models." Harvard Business School Background Note 288-023, October 1987. (Revised January 2013.)
      • July 1987 (Revised October 2009)
      • Background Note

      A Method For Valuing High-Risk, Long-Term Investments: The "Venture Capital Method"

      By: William A. Sahlman and Daniel R Scherlis
      Describes a method for valuing high-risk, long-term investments such as those confronting venture capitalists. The method entails forecasting a future value (e.g., five years from the present) and discounting that terminal value back to the present by applying a high... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Investment; Risk Management; Valuation
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      Sahlman, William A., and Daniel R Scherlis. A Method For Valuing High-Risk, Long-Term Investments: The "Venture Capital Method". Harvard Business School Background Note 288-006, July 1987. (Revised October 2009.)
      • 1987
      • Working Paper

      A Discounting Rule for Risky Assets

      By: S. C. Myers and R. S. Ruback
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      Myers, S. C., and R. S. Ruback. "A Discounting Rule for Risky Assets." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 2219, April 1987.
      • December 1984
      • Article

      An Approach for Developing an Optimal Discount Pricing Policy

      By: R. Lal and Richard Staelin
      Keywords: Price; Policy
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      Lal, R., and Richard Staelin. "An Approach for Developing an Optimal Discount Pricing Policy." Management Science 30, no. 12 (December 1984).
      • February 1984 (Revised February 1986)
      • Case

      E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Titanium Dioxide

      By: W. Carl Kester, Robert R. Glauber, David W. Mullins Jr. and Stacy S. Dick
      Disequilibrium in the $350 million TiO2 market has prompted Du Pont's Pigments Department to develop two strategies for competing in this market in the future. The growth strategy has a smaller internal rate of return than the alternative strategy due to large capital... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Investment Return; Growth and Development Strategy; Strategic Planning; Projects; Chemical Industry
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      Kester, W. Carl, Robert R. Glauber, David W. Mullins Jr., and Stacy S. Dick. "E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Titanium Dioxide." Harvard Business School Case 284-066, February 1984. (Revised February 1986.)
      • February 1984 (Revised March 1990)
      • Background Note

      Risk Adjusted Discount Rates

      By: David E. Bell
      Keywords: Asset Pricing; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Bell, David E. "Risk Adjusted Discount Rates." Harvard Business School Background Note 184-151, February 1984. (Revised March 1990.)
      • May 1983
      • Background Note

      Banks and Discount Brokerage

      By: Dwight B. Crane
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      Crane, Dwight B. "Banks and Discount Brokerage." Harvard Business School Background Note 283-076, May 1983.
      • March 1982
      • Background Note

      Discounting Concept and Industrial Disinvestment

      By: Robert H. Hayes and David A. Garvin
      Keywords: Investment
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      Hayes, Robert H., and David A. Garvin. "Discounting Concept and Industrial Disinvestment." Harvard Business School Background Note 682-077, March 1982.
      • Article

      Discount Effects on Media Plans

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Allan Shocker
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Allan Shocker. "Discount Effects on Media Plans." Journal of Advertising Research 11, no. 3 (June 1971): 37–43.
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