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      Developing Countries and EconomiesRemove Developing Countries and Economies →

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      • January 2020 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Freelancer, Ltd.

      By: Christopher Stanton, Karim R. Lakhani, Jennifer L. Hoffman, Jin Hyun Paik and Nina Cohodes
      Over the course of the 2010s, the rapid advancement of mobile technologies and the rise of online freelancing platforms seemed to portend a radical transformation of labor markets into on-demand, flexible talent pools. Even though several Fortune 500... View Details
      Keywords: Freelancers; Platforms; Digital Labor; Labor; Human Resources; Management; Internet and the Web; Growth and Development Strategy; Digital Platforms; Information Industry; Australia; United States; Philippines
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      Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jennifer L. Hoffman, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 820-075, January 2020. (Revised January 2025.)
      • January 2020 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Rumo: Infrastructure for a Healthier Economy

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt, Mariana Cal, Ruth Costas and Natalie Kindred
      Brazilian logistics company Rumo operated 13,500 km in railway networks, port terminals, and inland transshipment terminals, connecting major Brazilian ports to the agriculture hubs of Mato Grosso and São Paulo state. Controlled by Cosan, Brazil's leading sugar and... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Customer Relationship Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Logistics; Rail Transportation; Value Creation; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Latin America; Brazil
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      Reinhardt, Forest L., Mariana Cal, Ruth Costas, and Natalie Kindred. "Rumo: Infrastructure for a Healthier Economy." Harvard Business School Case 720-008, January 2020. (Revised April 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      El problema de la productividad [The Productivity Problem]

      By: Laura Alfaro and Fabio Kanczuk
      The weak performance of the Latin American region in terms of the growth of its GDP is largely due to its low productivity growth. In fact, the region's main problem has been its lack of efficiency in combining capital and labor to produce. In this chapter, we... View Details
      Keywords: GDP Growth; Productivity Growth; Efficiency; Labor; Capital; Growth and Development; Latin America
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Fabio Kanczuk. "El problema de la productividad [The Productivity Problem]." Chap. 3 in El desafío del desarrollo en América Latina. Políticas para una región más productiva, integrada e inclusiva [The Challenge of Development in Latin America: Policies for a More Productive, Integrated and Inclusive Region], 85–123. Caracas, Venezuela: CAF – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, 2020, Spanish ed.
      • November 2019 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Russia: A Drama In Three Acts

      By: Rawi Abdelal, Rafael Di Tella, Galit Goldstein, Sogomon Tarontsi and Lavinia Teodorescu
      The collapse of central authority in the Soviet Union in 1991 ushered in a period of revolutionary transformations for the states that emerged in its wake. The leaders of Russia, the USSR's successor, struggled to reestablish central authority while also seeking to... View Details
      Keywords: Government Policy; Policy Change; Policy Making; Economic Systems; Economics; Globalization; Emerging Markets; Privatization; Non-Renewable Energy; Governance; Global Strategy; Corporate Governance; Policy; Business History; Lawfulness; Problems and Challenges; Business and Government Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Strategy; Change Management; Developing Countries and Economies; Russia; Moscow
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      Abdelal, Rawi, Rafael Di Tella, Galit Goldstein, Sogomon Tarontsi, and Lavinia Teodorescu. "Russia: A Drama In Three Acts." Harvard Business School Case 720-020, November 2019. (Revised January 2025.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      From Know-It-Alls to Learn-It-Alls: Executive Development in the Era of Self-Refining Algorithms, Collaborative Filtering and Wearable Computing

      By: Mihnea Moldoveanu and Das Narayandas
      We examine the future of executive education on a technological and cultural landscape that is imminent but different to the one we are accustomed to. We show how the contextualization, socialization and personalization of learning—avowed but distal goals of current... View Details
      Keywords: Executive Education; Leadership Development; Technological Innovation; Customization and Personalization; Management Skills; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Sharing
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      Moldoveanu, Mihnea, and Das Narayandas. "From Know-It-Alls to Learn-It-Alls: Executive Development in the Era of Self-Refining Algorithms, Collaborative Filtering and Wearable Computing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-061, November 2019.
      • November 2019
      • Case

      Edita: Making Choices in Uncertain Times

      By: Caroline M. Elkins, Juan Alcácer, Alpana Thapar and Youssef Abdel Aal
      After 15 years of steady growth and expansion, Edita, a leading Egyptian snack producer, faced a series of challenges in the wake of the Arab Spring. In January 2011, the Egyptian Revolution sparked political and economic turmoil that reflected the waves of protest and... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Developing Countries and Economies; Economy; Business or Company Management; Price; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Distribution; Risk and Uncertainty; Business Strategy; Expansion; Currency; Food and Beverage Industry; Egypt; Africa; Middle East
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      Elkins, Caroline M., Juan Alcácer, Alpana Thapar, and Youssef Abdel Aal. "Edita: Making Choices in Uncertain Times." Harvard Business School Case 320-026, November 2019.
      • November 2019
      • Case

      DeepMap: Charting the Road Ahead for Autonomous Vehicles

      By: Shane Greenstein and Nicole Tempest Keller
      Founded in 2016, DeepMap developed high definition (HD) mapping software and localization services for Level 4+ autonomous vehicles. Traditional navigational maps were accurate to a few meters, which was sufficient for drivers but not for machine-driven vehicles that... View Details
      Keywords: Mapping Software; Autonomous Vehicles; Business Startups; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Technology Adoption; Service Delivery; Global Range; Resource Allocation; Strategic Planning; Technology Industry; Auto Industry
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      Greenstein, Shane, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "DeepMap: Charting the Road Ahead for Autonomous Vehicles." Harvard Business School Case 620-047, November 2019.
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      From Coast to Hinterland: Fiscal State Formation in British and French West Africa, c. 1880–1960

      By: Ewout Frankema and Marlous van Waijenburg
      This chapter contrasts and compares the ways different colonial states in West Africa developed local fiscal capacity. We show that per capita revenues were higher in the more commercialised coastal export economies than in remote parts of the interior. We argue that... View Details
      Keywords: Fiscal Capacity; Public Debt; French West Africa; British West Africa; Geography; History; Africa
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      Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous van Waijenburg. "From Coast to Hinterland: Fiscal State Formation in British and French West Africa, c. 1880–1960." In Fiscal Capacity and the Colonial State in Africa and Asia, c. 1850–1960, edited by Ewout Frankema and Anne Booth, 161–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
      • October 2019
      • Case

      Agility Africa

      By: Juan Alcacer, Caroline M. Elkins and Esel Çekin
      This case illustrates the challenge and opportunities that firms face when developing and executing new business models in high-risk, low-infrastructure, low-trust countries. It features a global logistics group, Agility, that aimed to become the leader in supplying... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Expansion; Emerging Markets; Decision Choices and Conditions; Real Estate Industry; Distribution Industry; Africa
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      Alcacer, Juan, Caroline M. Elkins, and Esel Çekin. "Agility Africa." Harvard Business School Case 720-357, October 2019.
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      Business, Ethics and Institutions. The Evolution of Turkish Capitalism in a Comparative Perspective

      By: Asli M. Colpan and Geoffrey Jones
      This chapter offers a survey of the evolution of Turkish capitalism from the 19th century Ottoman Empire until the present day. It shows that Turkish business over the last century and a half was shaped in an institutional context similar to those in many developing... View Details
      Keywords: Business Groups; Capitalism; Entrepreneurship; Ethics; Government and Politics; History; Religion; Business History; Turkey; Central Asia; Middle East
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      Colpan, Asli M., and Geoffrey Jones. "Business, Ethics and Institutions. The Evolution of Turkish Capitalism in a Comparative Perspective." Chap. 1 in Business, Ethics and Institutions: The Evolution of Turkish Capitalism in Global Perspectives, edited by Asli M. Colpan and Geoffrey Jones, 3–22. New York: Routledge, 2020.
      • October 2019
      • Article

      Does Political Uncertainty Increase External Financing Costs? Measuring the Electoral Premium in Syndicated Lending

      By: Olivia S. Kim
      This article investigates the impact of political uncertainty on contractual lending terms using a large sample of syndicated loans and a within-firm estimation approach to achieve identification. Firms pay 7 basis points (bps) more on loans originated when their... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Political Elections; Financing and Loans; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Kim, Olivia S. "Does Political Uncertainty Increase External Financing Costs? Measuring the Electoral Premium in Syndicated Lending." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 54, no. 5 (October 2019): 2141–2178.
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      Ethical Business, Corruption and Economic Development in Comparative Perspective

      By: Janet Hunter and G. Jones
      This chapter contextualises the drivers of corruption in Turkish business through comparisons with Japan and India in the late 19th century. It identifies the developmental state as a common driver of corruption. Catching up by using extensive state intervention had... View Details
      Keywords: Corruption; Crime and Corruption; Economic Growth; Turkey; Middle East; Central Asia; Japan; India
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      Hunter, Janet, and G. Jones. "Ethical Business, Corruption and Economic Development in Comparative Perspective." Chap. 10 in Business, Ethics and Institutions: The Evolution of Turkish Capitalism in Global Perspectives, edited by Asli M. Colpan and G. Jones, 224–245. New York: Routledge, 2019.
      • October 2019 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      Myanmar: Special Economic Zones

      By: Willy Shih and Dawn Lau
      This case examines four Special Economic Zones in Myanmar. While the country's development had been hobbled by a complex history of military rule, ethnic conflict, and international sanctions, as it pursued liberalization it sought avenues to developing its economy.... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Development; Emerging Economies; Special Economic Zones (SEZs); Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Manufacturing Industry; Energy Industry; Southeast Asia; Myanmar
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      Shih, Willy, and Dawn Lau. "Myanmar: Special Economic Zones." Harvard Business School Case 620-027, October 2019. (Revised February 2021.)
      • September 2019
      • Case

      Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Shaping the Vaccine Manufacturing Ecosystem

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Vaccines for children has been a long-standing focus for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and its critical role in public health made its production an important economic and political issue. This case describes the Foundation's investment in a breakthrough vaccine... View Details
      Keywords: Vaccine; Production; Supply Chain; Product; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Belgium
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      Shih, Willy C. "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Shaping the Vaccine Manufacturing Ecosystem." Harvard Business School Case 620-021, September 2019.
      • 2019
      • White Paper

      Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy

      By: George Serafeim, T. Robert Zochowski and Jennifer Downing
      Reimagining capitalism is an imperative. We need to create a more inclusive and sustainable form of capitalism that works for every person and the planet. Massive environmental damage, growing income and wealth disparity, stress, and depression within developed... View Details
      Keywords: Impact-Weighted Accounts; IWAI; Background; Economic Systems; Economy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Measurement and Metrics; Financial Statements
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      Serafeim, George, T. Robert Zochowski, and Jennifer Downing. "Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy." White Paper, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, September 2019.
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      The Great Divergence and the Great Convergence

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      This chapter provides a new lens to the extensive debate among economists and economic historians concerning why the West grew rich and the rest of the world lagged behind as modern industrialization took hold in the 19th century. The literature has focused heavily on... View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; Growth and Development; History; Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America; Middle East; North and Central America; Oceania
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      Jones, Geoffrey. "The Great Divergence and the Great Convergence." Chap. 37 in The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Global Business, edited by Teresa da Silva Lopes, Christina Lubinski, and Heidi J.S. Tworek, 578–592. New York: Routledge, 2019.
      • July 2019 (Revised May 2020)
      • Supplement

      Piramal e-Swasthya (C): A New Name, Bigger Scope, and Public-Private Partnerships

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Joyce J. Kim
      In 2010, Anand Piramal acquired the Health Management Research Institute (HMRI), a healthcare venture, and merged it with his original digital healthcare startup Piramal e-Swasthya (PeS), so that PeS became Piramal Swasthya. After acquiring HMRI, Piramal Swasthya... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneur; Healthcare; Innovation; Emerging Economies; Scaling; Social Enterprise; Entrepreneurship; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Management; Emerging Markets; Growth and Development; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Partners and Partnerships; India
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Joyce J. Kim. "Piramal e-Swasthya (C): A New Name, Bigger Scope, and Public-Private Partnerships." Harvard Business School Supplement 320-012, July 2019. (Revised May 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Spatial Agglomeration and Superstar Firms: Firm-level Patterns from Europe and U.S.

      By: Laura Alfaro, Maggie X. Chen and Harald Fadinger
      We characterize the agglomeration patterns of industries and plants in Europe, distinguishing Eurozone countries and the United States. Using a micro-level index, we quantify the degree of geographic concentration in industrial activities and explore how firm... View Details
      Keywords: Agglomeration; Patterns; Industry Clusters; Europe; United States
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      Alfaro, Laura, Maggie X. Chen, and Harald Fadinger. "Spatial Agglomeration and Superstar Firms: Firm-level Patterns from Europe and U.S." In ECB Forum on Central Banking, 17-19 June 2019, Sintra, Portugal: 20 years of European Economic and Monetary Union: Conference Proceedings. Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2019.
      • June 2019 (Revised November 2019)
      • Case

      Malaysia: An 'Asian Tiger' Reawakens

      By: Richard H. K. Vietor
      On May 9, 2018, in an extraordinary upset, Mahathir Mohamad again became Malaysia’s Prime Minister. Najib Razak, who had headed the government since 2009, had been swept up in the 1MDB scandal—perhaps the biggest state-corruption incident in history. Although... View Details
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Crime and Corruption; Financial Crisis; Business and Government Relations; Economy; Leading Change; Malaysia
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      Vietor, Richard H. K. "Malaysia: An 'Asian Tiger' Reawakens." Harvard Business School Case 719-073, June 2019. (Revised November 2019.)
      • June 2019
      • Article

      Debt Redemption and Reserve Accumulation

      By: Laura Alfaro and Fabio Kanczuk
      In the past decade, foreign participation in local-currency bond markets in emerging countries increased dramatically. We revisit sovereign debt sustainability under the assumptions that countries can accumulate reserves and borrow internationally using their own... View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Debt; Local-currency Bonds; Foreign Reserves; Sovereign Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Bonds; Financial Markets; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Fabio Kanczuk. "Debt Redemption and Reserve Accumulation." IMF Economic Review 67, no. 2 (June 2019): 261–287. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 19098.)
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