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  • All HBS Web  (3,680)
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  • January 2023
  • Article

Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire

By: Tami Kim, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton and Leslie K. John
From “Chick Beer” to “Dryer Sheets for Men,” identity-based labeling is frequently deployed by marketers to appeal to specific target markets. Yet such identity appeals can backfire, alienating the very consumers they aim to attract. We theorize and empirically... View Details
Keywords: Categorization Threat; Stereotypes; Identity; Labels; Gender; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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Kim, Tami, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton, and Leslie K. John. "Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire." Special Issue on Racism and Discrimination in the Marketplace edited by Samantha N. N. Cross and Stephanie Dellande. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 72–82.
  • June 2024 (Revised February 2025)
  • Case

Accounting for Loans at SoFi Technologies

By: Joseph Pacelli and Michael Norris
At the release of its first quarter earnings report on May 1, 2023, digital bank SoFi beat its earnings guidance by 25%. On May 2, Wedbush Securities analyst David Chiaverini issued a report downgrading the stock. A second downgrade followed from Chiaverini on May 15.... View Details
Keywords: Accounting; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Valuation; Stocks; Banking Industry; United States
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Pacelli, Joseph, and Michael Norris. "Accounting for Loans at SoFi Technologies." Harvard Business School Case 124-057, June 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
  • July 2023
  • Supplement

Reimagining Enel: Enabling Sustainable Progress (A)

By: Michael Tushman and Kerry Herman
This case describes the transformation of Enel from a traditional “brown” or fossil fuel energy firm to a sustainable and green firm focused on renewables, and finally to an energy supplier and integrated energy services firm. It describes a set of capabilities... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Innovation and Invention; Transformation; Green Technology; Renewable Energy; Energy Industry
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Tushman, Michael, and Kerry Herman. "Reimagining Enel: Enabling Sustainable Progress (A)." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 423-724, July 2023.
  • March 2016 (Revised January 2020)
  • Teaching Note

Behavioural Insights Team (A) and (B)

By: Michael Luca and Patrick Rooney
The Behavioural Insights Team case introduces students to the concept of choice architecture and the value of experimental methods (sometimes called A/B testing) within organizational contexts. The exercise provides an opportunity for students to apply these principles... View Details
Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Experiments; Choice Architecture; Public Entrepreneurship; Decision Choices and Conditions; Mathematical Methods; United Kingdom
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Luca, Michael, and Patrick Rooney. "Behavioural Insights Team (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 916-050, March 2016. (Revised January 2020.)
  • March 2015 (Revised January 2020)
  • Supplement

Behavioural Insights Team (B)

By: Michael Luca and Patrick Rooney
The Behavioural Insights Team case introduces students to the concept of choice architecture and the value of experimental methods (sometimes called A/B testing) within organizational contexts. The exercise provides an opportunity for students to apply these principles... View Details
Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Experiments; Choice Architecture; Public Entrepreneurship; United Kingdom
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Luca, Michael, and Patrick Rooney. "Behavioural Insights Team (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 915-025, March 2015. (Revised January 2020.)
  • Article

The Feeling of Not Knowing It All

By: Haiyang Yang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely and Michael I. Norton
How do consumers assess their mastery of knowledge they have learned? We explore this question by investigating a common knowledge consumption situation: encountering opportunities for further learning. We argue and show that such opportunities can trigger a... View Details
Keywords: Knowledge Consumption; Consumption Of Learning; Judgment Of Knowledge; Feeling Ofknowing; Confidence In Knowledge; WYSIATI; FONKIA; Knowledge Acquisition; Learning; Perception
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Yang, Haiyang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely, and Michael I. Norton. "The Feeling of Not Knowing It All." Journal of Consumer Psychology 29, no. 3 (July 2019): 455–462.
  • Article

Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information

By: R. G. Eccles, Michael P. Krzus and George Serafeim
Market interest in nonfinancial (e.g., Environmental, Social, and Governance [ESG]) information, including data produced by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), is growing. Using data from Bloomberg we analyze this interest from a variety of different perspectives, and... View Details
Keywords: Markets; Analytics and Data Science; Perspective; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Corporate Disclosure; Projects; Interests
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Eccles, R. G., Michael P. Krzus, and George Serafeim. "Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 23, no. 4 (Fall 2011): 113–127.
  • Article

A 'Present' for the Future: The Unexpected Value of Rediscovery

By: Ting Zhang, Tami Kim, Alison Wood Brooks, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
Although documenting everyday activities may seem trivial, four studies reveal that creating records of the present generates unexpected benefits by allowing future rediscoveries. In Study 1, we use a "time capsule" paradigm to show that individuals underestimate the... View Details
Keywords: History; Information Management; Cognition and Thinking
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Zhang, Ting, Tami Kim, Alison Wood Brooks, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "A 'Present' for the Future: The Unexpected Value of Rediscovery." Psychological Science 25, no. 10 (October 2014): 1851–1860.
  • 06 Dec 2011
  • First Look

First Look: Dec. 6

carefully assess the firm's many opportunities and tightly manage its growth. Purchase this case:http://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cb/product/812049-PDF-ENG Trucost: Valuing Corporate Environmental Impacts Michael W. View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 11 Dec 2012
  • First Look

First Look: Dec. 11

and Efficiency in the Market for IP Addresses Authors:Edelman, Benjamin, and Michael Schwarz Abstract We consider market rules for the transfer of IP addresses, numeric identifiers required by all computers... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • September 2010
  • Article

How Firms Respond to Being Rated

By: Aaron K. Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
While many rating systems seek to help buyers overcome information asymmetries when making purchasing decisions, we investigate how these ratings also influence the companies being rated. We hypothesize that ratings are particularly likely to spur responses from firms... View Details
Keywords: System; Information; Decisions; Cost; Opportunities; Performance; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Economics; Theory; System Shocks; Rank and Position
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Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "How Firms Respond to Being Rated." Strategic Management Journal 31, no. 9 (September 2010): 917–945. (Lead article.)
  • 2024
  • Article

Neyman Meets Causal Machine Learning: Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules

By: Michael Lingzhi Li and Kosuke Imai
A century ago, Neyman showed how to evaluate the efficacy of treatment using a randomized experiment under a minimal set of assumptions. This classical repeated sampling framework serves as a basis of routine experimental analyses conducted by today’s scientists across... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Research
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Li, Michael Lingzhi, and Kosuke Imai. "Neyman Meets Causal Machine Learning: Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of Causal Inference 12, no. 1 (2024).
  • April 2014
  • Article

Botsourcing and Outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German Workers Are for Thinking—Not Feeling—Jobs

By: Adam Waytz and Michael I. Norton
Technological innovations have produced robots capable of jobs that, until recently, only humans could perform. The present research explores the psychology of "botsourcing"—the replacement of human jobs by robots—while examining how understanding botsourcing can... View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Emotions; Cognition and Thinking
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Waytz, Adam, and Michael I. Norton. "Botsourcing and Outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German Workers Are for Thinking—Not Feeling—Jobs." Emotion 14, no. 2 (April 2014): 434–444.
  • 17 Oct 2017
  • First Look

First Look at New Research and Ideas, October 17, 2017

Open/User Innovation, and Ecosystems: A Strategic Leadership Perspective By: Altman, Elizabeth J., and Michael Tushman Abstract—Platform, open/user innovation, and ecosystem strategies embrace and enable interactions with external... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • April 1979 (Revised June 1988)
  • Case

Chain Saw Industry in 1978

By: Michael E. Porter and David J. Collis
For use on the second day of a two-day sequence on the U.S. chain saw industry. Describes the evolution of the industry since 1974. Illustrates issues in industry evolution, the forces causing evolution, and the strategic issues raised by evolution. The discussion can... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Industry Growth; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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Porter, Michael E., and David J. Collis. "Chain Saw Industry in 1978." Harvard Business School Case 379-176, April 1979. (Revised June 1988.)
  • April 2008
  • Supplement

Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. (B)

By: Paul W. Marshall, Michael Shih-ta Chen and Keith Chi-ho Wong
In late November 2000, Chung Telecom Co., Ltd., the once-monopolized telecom operator owned by the Taiwanese government, was on its way to privatization. Mr. C.K. Mao, Chairman of the company, was headed the job only three months earlier, after its prior chairman... View Details
Keywords: State Ownership; Jobs and Positions; Monopoly; Privatization; Competition; Decisions; Motivation and Incentives; Labor and Management Relations; Resignation and Termination; Compensation and Benefits; Price; Status and Position; Telecommunications Industry; Public Administration Industry; Taiwan
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Marshall, Paul W., Michael Shih-ta Chen, and Keith Chi-ho Wong. "Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 808-138, April 2008.
  • June 30, 2020
  • Article

Scaling Up Behavioral Science Interventions in Online Education

By: Rene F. Kizilcec, Justin Reich, Michael Yeomans, Christoph Dann, Emma Brunskill, Glenn Lopez, Selen Turkay, Joseph J. Williams and Dustin Tingley
Online education is rapidly expanding in response to rising demand for higher and continuing education, but many online students struggle to achieve their educational goals. Several behavioral science interventions have shown promise in raising student persistence and... View Details
Keywords: Online Learning; Behavioral Interventions; Scale; Education; Online Technology; Performance Improvement
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Kizilcec, Rene F., Justin Reich, Michael Yeomans, Christoph Dann, Emma Brunskill, Glenn Lopez, Selen Turkay, Joseph J. Williams, and Dustin Tingley. "Scaling Up Behavioral Science Interventions in Online Education." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 30, 2020).
  • September 2022
  • Article

How Emerging Telehealth Models Challenge Policymaking

By: Mitchell Tang, Michael E Chernew and Ateev Mehrotra
Policy Points

  • Current telehealth policy discussions are focused on synchronous video and audio telehealth visits delivered by traditional providers and have neglected the growing number of alternative telehealth offerings.

  • These alternative... View Details
  • Keywords: Telehealth; Health Care and Treatment; Technology Adoption; Policy; Health Industry
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    Tang, Mitchell, Michael E Chernew, and Ateev Mehrotra. "How Emerging Telehealth Models Challenge Policymaking." Milbank Quarterly 100, no. 3 (September 2022): 650–672.
    • March 1998 (Revised April 1998)
    • Case

    Egon Zehnder International: Implementing Practice Groups

    By: Michael Y. Yoshino, Carin-Isabel Knoop and Cate Reavis
    Since its creation in 1964, executive search firm Egon Zehnder International (EZI) marketed its consultants as "generalists." As searches became more global and industry-specific in the 1990s, CEO Daniel Meiland decided the firm needed to offer specialized services. By... View Details
    Keywords: Business Units; Global Strategy; Leadership; Brands and Branding; Service Operations; Organizational Structure; Consulting Industry; Service Industry
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    Yoshino, Michael Y., Carin-Isabel Knoop, and Cate Reavis. "Egon Zehnder International: Implementing Practice Groups." Harvard Business School Case 398-052, March 1998. (Revised April 1998.)
    • 14 Nov 2017
    • First Look

    New Research and Ideas: November 14, 2017

    experts to discuss how researchers can impact a broader audience, by lending their scientific expertise to pressing social issues, current events, and public debates. The landmark Brown v. Board of Education case, in which the Supreme... View Details
    Keywords: Carmen Nobel
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