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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (328)

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      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Substitutes

      By: John William Hatfield and Scott Duke Kominers
      In this paper, we show that preferences exhibiting some forms of complementarity in fact have an underlying substitutable structure. Specifically, we show that some preferences that are not substitutable in the setting of many-to-one matching with contracts become... View Details
      Keywords: Many-to-One Matching; Many-to-Many Matching; Stability; Substitutes; Matching With Contracts; Slot-Specific Priorities; Sherlock; Market Design; Contracts; Marketplace Matching; Balance and Stability
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      Hatfield, John William, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Hidden Substitutes." Working Paper, September 2014.
      • Article

      How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay

      By: Sorapop Kiatpongsan and Michael I. Norton
      Do people from different countries and different backgrounds have similar preferences for how much more the rich should earn than the poor? Using survey data from 40 countries (N = 55,238), we compare respondents' estimates of the wages of people in different... View Details
      Keywords: Inequality; Justice; Wage; Cross-cultural; Wages; Equality and Inequality; Fairness; Income; Employees; Management Teams; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Kiatpongsan, Sorapop, and Michael I. Norton. "How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay." Perspectives on Psychological Science 9, no. 6 (November 2014): 587–593.
      • September 2014
      • Article

      Income Inequality and Social Preferences for Redistribution and Compensation Differentials

      By: William R. Kerr
      In cross-sectional studies, countries with greater income inequality typically exhibit less support for government-led redistribution and greater acceptance of wage inequality (e.g., United States versus Western Europe). If individual nations evolve along this pattern,... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Income; Government and Politics
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      Kerr, William R. "Income Inequality and Social Preferences for Redistribution and Compensation Differentials." Journal of Monetary Economics 66 (September 2014): 62–78.
      • August 2014
      • Technical Note

      Conjoint Analysis: A Do it Yourself Guide

      By: Elie Ofek and Olivier Toubia
      Conjoint Analysis has become one of the most commonly used quantitative market research methods. It has been successfully employed across a wide variety of industries to quantify consumer preferences for products and services. This technical note is intended to provide... View Details
      Keywords: Market Research; Conjoint Analysis; Consumer Preferences; Segmentation; Product Development; Demand Measurement; Demand and Consumers; Analysis; Markets
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      Ofek, Elie, and Olivier Toubia. "Conjoint Analysis: A Do it Yourself Guide." Harvard Business School Technical Note 515-024, August 2014.
      • August 2014
      • Article

      What Makes Annuitization More Appealing?

      By: John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian and Stephen P. Zeldes
      We conduct and analyze two large surveys of hypothetical annuitization choices. We find that allowing individuals to annuitize a fraction of their wealth increases annuitization relative to a situation where annuitization is an "all or nothing" decision. Very few... View Details
      Keywords: Annuity; Pension; Retirement Income; Framing; Annuities; Retirement
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      Beshears, John, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Stephen P. Zeldes. "What Makes Annuitization More Appealing?" Special Issue on NBER Pensions. Journal of Public Economics 116 (August 2014): 2–16.
      • 2014
      • Article

      Thought Calibration: How Thinking Just the Right Amount Increases One’s Influence and Appeal

      By: Daniella Kupor, Zakary L. Tormala, Michael I. Norton and Derek D. Rucker
      Previous research suggests that people draw inferences about their attitudes and preferences based on their own thoughtfulness. The current research explores how observing other individuals make decisions more or less thoughtfully can shape perceptions of those... View Details
      Keywords: Thoughtfulness; Liking; Social Influence; Decisions; Attitudes; Cognition and Thinking; Power and Influence
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      Kupor, Daniella, Zakary L. Tormala, Michael I. Norton, and Derek D. Rucker. "Thought Calibration: How Thinking Just the Right Amount Increases One’s Influence and Appeal." Social Psychological & Personality Science 5, no. 3 (April 2014): 263–270.
      • 2014
      • Article

      Unequality: Who Gets What and Why It Matters

      By: Michael I. Norton
      Who should get what, and what are the consequences? Economic inequality in the United States has been rising for decades, yet only recently have behavioral scientists explored two central questions surrounding the optimal level of inequality. First, what are the... View Details
      Keywords: Inequality; Ethics; Productivity; Gambling; Equality and Inequality; Fairness; Income; Performance Productivity; United States
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      Norton, Michael I. "Unequality: Who Gets What and Why It Matters." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 151–155.
      • June 2014 (Revised January 2017)
      • Case

      Focus Financial Partners and the U.S. RIA Industry in 2014

      By: Luis Viceira and Emily A. Chien
      In the Spring of 2014, Rudy Adolf, CEO and founder of Focus Financial, and the two other co-founders of the firm are considering alternative growth strategies to solidify Focus Financial's position as a leading aggregator of independent wealth management firms in the... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Model; Financial Services Industry
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      Viceira, Luis, and Emily A. Chien. "Focus Financial Partners and the U.S. RIA Industry in 2014." Harvard Business School Case 214-103, June 2014. (Revised January 2017.)
      • Summer 2014
      • Article

      When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Hanna Halaburda
      We present a theory for why it might be rational for a platform to limit the number of applications available on it. Our model is based on the observation that even if users prefer application variety, applications often also exhibit direct network effects. When there... View Details
      Keywords: Platform Governance; Direct Network Effects; Indirect Network Effects; Complements; Tragedy Of The Commons; Equilibrium Selection; Coordination; Foresight; Strategy; Value Creation; Digital Platforms; Balance and Stability; Decision Choices and Conditions; Consumer Behavior; Applications and Software; Network Effects
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Hanna Halaburda. "When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?" Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 23, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 259–293.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Handshaking Promotes Cooperative Dealmaking

      By: Juliana Schroeder, Jane Risen, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
      Humans use subtle sources of information—like nonverbal behavior—to determine whether to act cooperatively or antagonistically when they negotiate. Handshakes are particularly consequential nonverbal gestures in negotiations because people feel comfortable initiating... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation Tactics; Cooperation; Societal Protocols
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      Schroeder, Juliana, Jane Risen, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "Handshaking Promotes Cooperative Dealmaking." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-117, May 2014.
      • May 2014
      • Article

      Cynicism in Negotiation: When Communication Increases Buyers' Skepticism

      By: Eyal Ert, Stephanie J. Creary and Max H. Bazerman
      The economic literature on negotiation shows that strategic concerns can be a barrier to agreement, even when the buyer values the good more than the seller. Yet behavioral research demonstrates that human interaction can overcome these strategic concerns through... View Details
      Keywords: Trust; Information Asymmetry; Perspective Taking; Reactive Devaluation
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      Ert, Eyal, Stephanie J. Creary, and Max H. Bazerman. "Cynicism in Negotiation: When Communication Increases Buyers' Skepticism." Judgment and Decision Making 9, no. 3 (May 2014): 191–199.
      • Article

      Avoiding the Costs of Negotiation: A Commentary on "Is Unilateralism Always Bad?"

      By: James K. Sebenius
      Why, if an outcome is in the interests of both sides, should it not be negotiated rather than unilaterally imposed? This comment offers additional reasons to prefer negotiation (beyond those adduced in the original article) over unilateral action, even where such... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Bargaining; Middle East; Israel; Palestinians; Israel; Palestinian state
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      Sebenius, James K. Avoiding the Costs of Negotiation: A Commentary on "Is Unilateralism Always Bad?". Negotiation Journal 30, no. 2 (April 2014): 165–168.
      • April 2014
      • Article

      Botsourcing and Outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German Workers Are for Thinking—Not Feeling—Jobs

      By: Adam Waytz and Michael I. Norton
      Technological innovations have produced robots capable of jobs that, until recently, only humans could perform. The present research explores the psychology of "botsourcing"—the replacement of human jobs by robots—while examining how understanding botsourcing can... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Emotions; Cognition and Thinking
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      Waytz, Adam, and Michael I. Norton. "Botsourcing and Outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German Workers Are for Thinking—Not Feeling—Jobs." Emotion 14, no. 2 (April 2014): 434–444.
      • March 2014 (Revised May 2016)
      • Technical Note

      Angel Investments in Europe and Recent Developments in Crowdfunding

      By: Lynda Applegate, Vincent Dessain, Emilie Billaud and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      This technical note provides information on the evolution and current state of angel investing in Europe. The note first describes the role and types of angel investors, focusing on their investment preferences and practices. It then details the new trends in the... View Details
      Keywords: Angel Investors; Crowdfunding; Financing and Loans; Investment; Financial Services Industry; Europe
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      Applegate, Lynda, Vincent Dessain, Emilie Billaud, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Angel Investments in Europe and Recent Developments in Crowdfunding." Harvard Business School Technical Note 814-047, March 2014. (Revised May 2016.)
      • 2014
      • Article

      Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men

      By: Alison Wood Brooks, Laura Huang, Sarah Kearney and Fiona Murray
      Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur's business proposition and... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Entrepreneurship; Investment; Gender
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      Brooks, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Kearney, and Fiona Murray. "Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 12 (March 25, 2014): 4427–4431.
      • 2014
      • Article

      Bond Supply and Excess Bond Returns

      By: Robin Greenwood and Dimitri Vayanos
      We examine empirically how the maturity structure of government debt affects bond yields and excess returns. Our analysis is based on a theoretical model of preferred habitat in which clienteles with strong preferences for specific maturities trade with arbitrageurs.... View Details
      Keywords: Bonds; Investment Return
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Dimitri Vayanos. "Bond Supply and Excess Bond Returns." Review of Financial Studies 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 663–713. (Also earlier version NBER Working Paper Series, No. 13806, February 2008.)
      • February 2014
      • Article

      Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman
      We present the results of an experiment that explores whether women are less willing than men to guess on multiple-choice tests. Our test consists of practice questions from SAT II subject tests; we vary whether a penalty is imposed for a wrong answer and the salience... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Decision Making; Microeconomic Behavior; Education Systems; Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions; Gender; Economics
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga. "Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess." Management Science 60, no. 2 (February 2014): 434–448.
      • January 2014
      • Case

      Newfield Energy

      By: William E. Fruhan and Wei Wang
      In September 2013, Miles Griffin, CEO and chairman of the board of Newfield Energy, prepares to present financial proposals to the board of directors for approval. Newfield (based in Houston, Texas) was a large independent energy company primarily engaged in the... View Details
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      Fruhan, William E., and Wei Wang. "Newfield Energy." Harvard Business School Brief Case 914-541, January 2014.
      • 2013
      • Chapter

      Growth and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment: Is All FDI Equal?

      By: Laura Alfaro and Andrew Charlton
      In this paper we distinguish different "qualities" of FDI to re-examine the relationship between FDI and growth. We use "quality" to mean the effect of a unit of FDI on economic growth. However, this is difficult to establish because it is a function of many different... View Details
      Keywords: Quality; Economic Growth; Foreign Direct Investment
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Andrew Charlton. "Growth and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment: Is All FDI Equal?" In The Industrial Policy Revolution I: The Role of Government Beyond Ideology. no. 151-1, edited by Joseph E. Stiglitz and Justin Lin Yifu. IEA Conference Volume. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
      • October 2013 (Revised August 2015)
      • Case

      Outotec (A): Project Capture

      By: Robert J. Dolan and Doug J. Chung
      Outotec was a market leader in providing mining solutions to large mining companies. The company’s specialization and proprietary technology created value for its customers and helped the firm differentiate from its competitors. Yet, Outotec was not pricing or... View Details
      Keywords: Value-based Pricing; Bargaining Power Of Buyers; Marketing; Segmentation; Price; Policy; Sales; Management; Value Creation; Mining Industry
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      Dolan, Robert J., and Doug J. Chung. "Outotec (A): Project Capture." Harvard Business School Case 514-064, October 2013. (Revised August 2015.)
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