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    • All HBS Web  (2,361)
      • Faculty Publications  (223)

      Individual DifferencesRemove Individual Differences →

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      • 2008
      • Simulation

      Pricing Simulation: Universal Car Rental

      By: John T. Gourville
      This web-based simulation presents an engaging context in which students develop their knowledge of pricing by managing a rental car operation (Universal) in Florida and improve regional performance by developing a pricing strategy. The simulation involves three... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Consumer Behavior; Price; Profit; Renting or Rental; Auto Industry; Service Industry; Miami; Orlando; Tampa
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      Gourville, John T. "Pricing Simulation: Universal Car Rental." Simulation and Teaching Note. Harvard Business School Publishing, 2008. Electronic.
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      Competition in Modular Clusters

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and C. Jason Woodard
      The last twenty years have witnessed the rise of disaggregated "clusters," "networks," or "ecosystems" of firms. In these clusters the activities of R&D, product design, production, distribution, and system integration may be split up among hundreds or even thousands... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Profit; Digital Platforms; Industry Clusters; Competition; Horizontal Integration; Vertical Integration
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and C. Jason Woodard. "Competition in Modular Clusters." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-042, December 2007.
      • November 2007 (Revised June 2016)
      • Background Note

      Differences at Work: The Individual Experience

      By: Sandra J. Sucher
      This note presents some basic concepts and findings from social science research that can help you anticipate and manage some of the complexities of differences at work. View Details
      Keywords: Demographics
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      Sucher, Sandra J. "Differences at Work: The Individual Experience." Harvard Business School Background Note 608-068, November 2007. (Revised June 2016.)
      • 2007
      • Text Book

      Teaching the Moral Leader: A Literature-Based Leadership Course

      By: Sandra J. Sucher

      This book is a comprehensive, practical manual to help instructors integrate moral leadership in their own courses, drawing from the experience and resources of the Harvard Business School course "The Moral Leader," an MBA elective taken by thousands of HBS students... View Details

      Keywords: Competency and Skills; Curriculum and Courses; Moral Sensibility; Body of Literature; Books; Leadership; Personal Development and Career
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      Sucher, Sandra J. Teaching the Moral Leader: A Literature-Based Leadership Course. Routledge, 2007.
      • November 2006 (Revised May 2007)
      • Background Note

      Developing Leaders

      By: Boris Groysberg and Amanda Cowen
      Provides an overview of leadership development for the manager charged with developing a single individual or corporate leadership program. Introduces a framework for understanding the components of developmental experiences and then applies it to a range of... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership Development; Programs
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Amanda Cowen. "Developing Leaders." Harvard Business School Background Note 407-015, November 2006. (Revised May 2007.)
      • April 2005
      • Article

      Partisan Social Happiness

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
      We use a new approach to study questions in political economy that relies on data on the subjective well-being of a large sample of people living in the OECD over the period 1975-1992. Controlling for the personal characteristics of the respondents, year and country... View Details
      Keywords: Political Partisanship; Political Economy; Society; Happiness
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Partisan Social Happiness." Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 367–93.
      • January 2005 (Revised March 2005)
      • Case

      Parisian: productivity and selling cost

      By: Rajiv Lal and Arar Han
      Presents the dilemma facing George Jones with respect to the high selling cost at Parisian Department Stores. The challenges to be considered reflect issues at different levels of the organization, including individual salespeople, the store itself, and the merchandise... View Details
      Keywords: Cost; Executive Compensation; Production; Sales; Salesforce Management; Motivation and Incentives; Retail Industry
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      Lal, Rajiv, and Arar Han. "Parisian: productivity and selling cost." Harvard Business School Case 505-052, January 2005. (Revised March 2005.)
      • August 2004
      • Article

      Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different?

      By: Rafael Di Tella, Alberto Alesina and Robert MacCulloch
      We study the effect of the level of inequality in society on individual well-being using a total of 123,668 answers to a survey question about “happiness”. We find that individuals have a lower tendency to report themselves happy when inequality is high, even after... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Happiness; Global Range; Local Range; United States; Europe
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      Di Tella, Rafael, Alberto Alesina, and Robert MacCulloch. "Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different?" Journal of Public Economics 88, nos. 9-10 (August 2004): 2009–42.
      • October 2003 (Revised January 2016)
      • Exercise

      The BCPC Internet Strategy Team: An Exercise

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Laura Feldman
      This short fictional case forms the basis of a team decision-making exercise. The case, inspired by a real decision facing a major telecommunications company, describes a cross-functional management team convened by the CEO for the purpose of developing a... View Details
      Keywords: Groups and Teams; Decision Making; Risk and Uncertainty; Information Management; Perspective; Product Launch; Internet and the Web; Knowledge Sharing; Telecommunications Industry
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Laura Feldman. "The BCPC Internet Strategy Team: An Exercise." Harvard Business School Exercise 604-035, October 2003. (Revised January 2016.) (Six supplements available for Chris Berkowitz, Dana Jones, Jan Trow, Kim Wilson, Leslie Rhee, and Terry Maneri.)
      • 2003
      • Book

      When You Say Yes But Mean No: How Silencing Conflict Wrecks Relationships and Companies

      By: Leslie Perlow
      “Saying yes when you really mean no” is a problem that haunts organizations from start-ups to multi-nationals. It exists across industries, levels, and functions. And it’s exacerbated by a down economy, when the fear of losing one’s job is on everybody’s mind and the... View Details
      Keywords: Conflict and Resolution; Relationships; Business Ventures
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      Perlow, Leslie. When You Say Yes But Mean No: How Silencing Conflict Wrecks Relationships and Companies. New York: Crown Business, 2003.
      • February 2003
      • Background Note

      Leading Teams

      By: Jeffrey T. Polzer
      This note which describes the architecture and processes that characterize effective teams, begins by detailing the steps involved in designing a team, from diagnosing the complexity, interdependence, and objectives of the task to harnessing the key resources teams... View Details
      Keywords: Communication; Decision Making; Leadership; Managerial Roles; Performance Effectiveness; Groups and Teams
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      Polzer, Jeffrey T. "Leading Teams." Harvard Business School Background Note 403-094, February 2003.
      • August 2001 (Revised February 2005)
      • Case

      Dakota Office Products

      By: Robert S. Kaplan
      The senior management team of Dakota, an office products distributor, is concerned about the company's first loss in history. Explores the role for activity based costing and customer profitability measurement in a distribution company. Dakota's customers are... View Details
      Keywords: Activity Based Costing and Management; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Profit; Distribution; Customers; Distribution Industry
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      Kaplan, Robert S. "Dakota Office Products." Harvard Business School Case 102-021, August 2001. (Revised February 2005.)
      • February 2001 (Revised October 2002)
      • Background Note

      Entrepreneurial History: A Conceptual Overview

      By: Nancy F. Koehn
      Analyzes HBS cases on five entrepreneurs and the companies they built: Josiah Wedgwood, Henry Heinz, Marshall Field, Howard Schultz of Starbucks, and Michael Dell. These five cases and their accompanying teaching notes comprise a course module on entrepreneurial... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Demand and Consumers; Competition; Business History; Entrepreneurship; Customer Focus and Relationships; Business Strategy; Society
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      Koehn, Nancy F. "Entrepreneurial History: A Conceptual Overview." Harvard Business School Background Note 801-368, February 2001. (Revised October 2002.)
      • 2001
      • Article

      From Guilford to Creative Synergy: Opening the Black Box of Team Level Creativity

      By: T. R. Kurtzberg and T. M. Amabile
      Previous research, from Guilford's founding tradition to more modern research on individual creativity and general group processes, falls short of adequately describing team-level creativity. Alhough researchers have addressed brainstorming in groups with mixed... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Groups and Teams; Theory; Research; Organizational Culture
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      Kurtzberg, T. R., and T. M. Amabile. "From Guilford to Creative Synergy: Opening the Black Box of Team Level Creativity." Special Issue on Commemorating Guilford's 1950 Presidential Address Creativity Research Journal 13, nos. 3/4 (2001).
      • November 1998 (Revised February 1999)
      • Case

      Microsoft Office: Finding the Suite Spot

      By: Stefan H. Thomke and Steven Sinofsky
      Describes a key decision-making process within Microsoft's Office products division. At a time when the PC software business has a great deal of uncertainty, Microsoft's management has to make a key decision regarding the future of software suites. A strengthening of... View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Applications and Software; Strategic Planning; Organizational Design; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Product Development; Managerial Roles; Growth and Development Strategy; Risk and Uncertainty; Goals and Objectives; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Management; Computer Industry; Information Technology Industry
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      Thomke, Stefan H., and Steven Sinofsky. "Microsoft Office: Finding the Suite Spot." Harvard Business School Case 699-046, November 1998. (Revised February 1999.)
      • Article

      The Power in Demography: Women's Social Constructions of Gender Identity at Work

      By: R. J. Ely
      This study examined how women's proportional representation in the upper echelons of organizations affects professional women's social constructions of gender difference and gender identity at work. Qualitative and quantitative data were used. Results suggest that sex... View Details
      Keywords: Demographics; Gender; Labor
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      Ely, R. J. "The Power in Demography: Women's Social Constructions of Gender Identity at Work." Academy of Management Journal 38, no. 3 (June 1995): 589–634. (Winner, Academy of Management Journal Impact Award, 2021.)
      • May 1994
      • Article

      The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations

      By: T. M. Amabile, K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey and E. M. Tighe
      The Work Preference Inventory (WPI) is designed to assess individual differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Both the college student and the working adult versions aim to capture the major elements of intrinsic motivation (self-determination,... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Measurement and Metrics; Higher Education; Employees; Personal Characteristics
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      Amabile, T. M., K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey, and E. M. Tighe. "The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, no. 5 (May 1994): 950–967.
      • July 1989
      • Article

      Immunizing Children Against the Negative Effects of Reward

      By: B. A. Hennessey, T. M. Amabile and M. Martinage
      Two studies were conducted to examine the effect of intrinsic motivation training on children's subsequent motivational orientation and creativity in an expected reward situation. Past research has demonstrated the overjustification effect: Children who work on an... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Training; Early Childhood Education; Learning; Teaching
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      Hennessey, B. A., T. M. Amabile, and M. Martinage. "Immunizing Children Against the Negative Effects of Reward." Contemporary Educational Psychology 14, no. 3 (July 1989): 212–227.
      • Article

      'Making Book Against Oneself,' the Independence Axiom, and Non-Linear Utility Theory

      By: Jerry R. Green
      An individual with known preferences over lotteries can be led to accept random wealth distributions different from his initial endowment by a sequential process in which some uncertainty is resolved and he is offered a new lottery in place of the remaining... View Details
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      Green, Jerry R. "'Making Book Against Oneself,' the Independence Axiom, and Non-Linear Utility Theory." Quarterly Journal of Economics 102, no. 4 (November 1987): 785–796.
      • March 1987 (Revised October 1993)
      • Case

      Au Bon Pain: The French Bakery Cafe, The Partner/Manager Program

      By: W. Earl Sasser
      In recent years, Au Bon Pain (ABP), a chain of upscale French bakeries/sandwich cafes based in Boston, confronted a set of human resource problems endemic to the fast food industry (i.e., a labor shortage which made it difficult to attract and maintain quality crew... View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Managerial Roles; Retention; Employees; Performance Improvement; Recruitment; Problems and Challenges; Compensation and Benefits; Food and Beverage Industry; Service Industry; Boston
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      Sasser, W. Earl. "Au Bon Pain: The French Bakery Cafe, The Partner/Manager Program." Harvard Business School Case 687-063, March 1987. (Revised October 1993.)
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