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      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Course Overview Note

      Managing Customers for Growth: Course Overview for Students

      By: Eva Ascarza
      Managing Customers for Growth (MCG) is a 14-session elective course for second-year MBA students at Harvard Business School. It is designed for business professionals engaged in roles centered on customer-driven growth activities. The course explores the dynamics of... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Decision Making; Analytics and Data Science; Growth Management; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Ascarza, Eva. "Managing Customers for Growth: Course Overview for Students." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 524-032, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      PortageBay and ESG Analytics

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi and Radhika Kak
      In 2023, sustainable investors faced several challenges. The first was the lack of access to standardized and vetted environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data, and equally, the interpretation of this data into investment-useful insights. Reducing reliance on... View Details
      Keywords: ESG Ratings; Investment Funds; Governance; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Radhika Kak. "PortageBay and ESG Analytics." Harvard Business School Case 324-065, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Report

      The Eco-Digital EraTM: The Dual Transition to a Sustainable and Digital Economy

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, Andy Feinstein, Amol Khadikar, Jiani Zhang, Noémie Lauer, Hiral Shah, Sally Epstein, Jerome Buvat and Vaishnavee Ananth
      Since the proliferation of smartphones and social media in the late 2000s, digital has captured an increasingly large portion of the economy. In this Capgemini Research Institute report, The Eco-Digital EraTM: The dual transition to a sustainable and... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Digital Transformation; Environmental Sustainability; Trends
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, Andy Feinstein, Amol Khadikar, Jiani Zhang, Noémie Lauer, Hiral Shah, Sally Epstein, Jerome Buvat, and Vaishnavee Ananth. "The Eco-Digital EraTM: The Dual Transition to a Sustainable and Digital Economy." Report, Capgemini Research Institute, January 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Culture Consistency on Subunit Outcomes

      By: Jasmijn Bol, Robert Grasser, Serena Loftus and Tatiana Sandino
      We examine the association between subunit culture consistency—defined as the congruence between the organizational values espoused by top management and those perceived and practiced by subunit employees—and subunit outcomes. Using data from 235 subunits of a... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Employees; Creativity; Satisfaction
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      Bol, Jasmijn, Robert Grasser, Serena Loftus, and Tatiana Sandino. "The Impact of Culture Consistency on Subunit Outcomes." Working Paper, December 2024.
      • December 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Transforming Healthcare Delivery at Karolinska University Hospital

      By: Susanna Gallani, Mary Witkowski, Elena Corsi and Nikolina Jonsson
      The case study examines the journey toward value-based healthcare at Karolinska University Hospital. The hospital's ambitious shift to a patient-centered care delivery model, accompanied by the construction of a new facility, encountered challenges such as high costs,... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Transformation; Transition; Business Organization; Communication Strategy; Information Infrastructure; Service Delivery; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Health Industry; Sweden; Europe
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      Gallani, Susanna, Mary Witkowski, Elena Corsi, and Nikolina Jonsson. "Transforming Healthcare Delivery at Karolinska University Hospital." Harvard Business School Case 124-070, December 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach

      By: Ta-Wei Huang and Eva Ascarza
      As firms increasingly rely on customer data for personalization, concerns over privacy and regulatory compliance have grown. Local Differential Privacy (LDP) offers strong individual-level protection by injecting noise into data before collection. While... View Details
      Keywords: Targeted Intervention; Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimation; Differential Privacy; Honest Estimation; Post-processing; Analytics and Data Science; Consumer Behavior; Marketing
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      Huang, Ta-Wei, and Eva Ascarza. "Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-034, December 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • December 12, 2023
      • Article

      Prices for Common Services at Quaternary vs Nonquaternary Hospitals

      By: Brandon W. Yan, Maximilian J. Pany and Leemore S. Dafny
      Using commercial health insurance claims data from 2017-2019, we assessed whether quaternary hospitals charged higher prices for common, unspecialized services also offered by nonquaternary hospitals. We found quaternary-hospital price premiums of 8.2 percent, on... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Health Care and Treatment; Insurance; Markets; Health Industry
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      Yan, Brandon W., Maximilian J. Pany, and Leemore S. Dafny. "Prices for Common Services at Quaternary vs Nonquaternary Hospitals." JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association 330, no. 22 (December 12, 2023): 2211–2213.
      • December 8, 2023
      • Article

      What Makes a Company Great at Producing Leaders?

      By: Sarah Abbott, Robin Abrahams and Boris Groysberg
      GE is well known as an “academy company”—a talent incubator that exports effective leaders to other organizations and even industries. To better understand which companies are top talent incubators today, the authors worked with the Official Board, a firm that provides... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Talent and Talent Management; Training; Organizational Culture
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      Abbott, Sarah, Robin Abrahams, and Boris Groysberg. "What Makes a Company Great at Producing Leaders?" Harvard Business Review (website) (December 8, 2023).
      • December 2023 (Revised August 2024)
      • Supplement

      Microsoft Azure and the Cloud Wars (B)

      By: Andy Wu and Matt Higgins
      By 2023, the global market for cloud infrastructure had consolidated into a three-horse race. As of Q4 2022, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google collectively accounted for 66% of the global market. AWS had a market share of 33%, Microsoft Azure had 23%, and Google Cloud had... View Details
      Keywords: Microsoft; Artificial Intelligence; AI; Competition; Information Infrastructure; Market Participation
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      Wu, Andy, and Matt Higgins. "Microsoft Azure and the Cloud Wars (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 724-434, December 2023. (Revised August 2024.)
      • December 2023
      • Article

      Association of Hospital System Affiliation with COVID-19 Capacity Burden

      By: Zachary Levin, Pinar Karaca-Mandic, Richard J. Boxer and Regina E. Herzlinger
      What is the message? The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the highly variable and uncoordinated responses by hospitals. The authors found that while the non-top ten system affiliated hospitals had a larger COVID-19 share index relative to independent hospitals, top-ten system... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Resource Allocation; Health Pandemics; Demographics; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
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      Levin, Zachary, Pinar Karaca-Mandic, Richard J. Boxer, and Regina E. Herzlinger. "Association of Hospital System Affiliation with COVID-19 Capacity Burden." Health Management, Policy and Innovation 8, no. 3 (December 2023).
      • 2023
      • Article

      Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset

      By: Junling Liu, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu and Michael Lingzhi Li
      Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have transformed the field of question answering (QA). However, evaluating LLMs in the medical field is challenging due to the lack of standardized and comprehensive datasets. To address this gap, we introduce CMExam,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Health Industry
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      Liu, Junling, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • 2023
      • Article

      M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
      While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
      • 2023
      • Article

      MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models

      By: Marvin Li, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang and Seth Neel
      Recent work has shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can unintentionally leak sensitive information present in their training data. In this paper, we present Model Perturbations (MoPe), a new method to identify with high confidence if a given text is in the training... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Cybersecurity
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      Li, Marvin, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang, and Seth Neel. "MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models." Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2023): 13647–13660.
      • 2023
      • Other Article

      The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications

      By: Mirac Suzgun, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers and Stuart Shieber
      Innovation is a major driver of economic and social development, and information about many kinds of innovation is embedded in semi-structured data from patents and patent applications. Though the impact and novelty of innovations expressed in patent data are difficult... View Details
      Keywords: USPTO; Natural Language Processing; Classification; Summarization; Patent Novelty; Patent Trolls; Patent Enforceability; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Suzgun, Mirac, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers, and Stuart Shieber. "The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks

      By: Isamar Troncoso, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty and SooHyun Kim
      The US has seen a rise in union movements, but their effects on service industry marketing outcomes like customer satisfaction and perceptions of service quality remain understudied. In this paper, we empirically study the impact on customer satisfaction and... View Details
      Keywords: Labor Unions; Customer Satisfaction; Perception; Public Opinion; Employees; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Troncoso, Isamar, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty, and SooHyun Kim. "The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks." Working Paper, 2023.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments

      By: Christian Kaps, Simone Marinesi and Serguei Netessine
      Globally, 1.5 billion people live off the grid, their only access to electricity often limited to operationally-expensive fossil fuel generators. Solar power has risen as a sustainable and less costly option, but its generation is variable during the day and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Renewable Energy
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      Kaps, Christian, Simone Marinesi, and Serguei Netessine. "When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7633–7650.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Which Models Have Perceptually-Aligned Gradients? An Explanation via Off-Manifold Robustness

      By: Suraj Srinivas, Sebastian Bordt and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      One of the remarkable properties of robust computer vision models is that their input-gradients are often aligned with human perception, referred to in the literature as perceptually-aligned gradients (PAGs). Despite only being trained for classification, PAGs cause... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Mathematical Methods
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      Srinivas, Suraj, Sebastian Bordt, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Which Models Have Perceptually-Aligned Gradients? An Explanation via Off-Manifold Robustness." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
      • November 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security

      By: Elie Ofek
      In the summer of 2023, the co-founders of Infarm, a controlled environment agriculture (CEA) company, were contemplating a major pivot going forward. While Infarm had successfully shown it could grow over 75 products—mainly herbs, leafy greens and mushrooms—in modular... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Model; Market Entry and Exit; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Transition; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; North America; Toronto; Northeastern United States
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      Ofek, Elie. "Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security." Harvard Business School Case 524-043, November 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Technical Note

      Customer Data Privacy

      By: Eva Ascarza and Ta-Wei Huang
      This note provides an overview of the evolving landscape of customer data privacy in 2023. It highlights two pivotal aspects that make privacy a central concern for businesses: building and maintaining customer trust and navigating the intricate regulatory... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Governance Compliance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Risk and Uncertainty; Reputation; Trust; Information Management; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Europe; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, and Ta-Wei Huang. "Customer Data Privacy." Harvard Business School Technical Note 524-005, November 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Learning by Investing: Entrepreneurial Spillovers from Venture Capital

      By: Josh Lerner, Jinlin Li and Tong Liu
      This paper studies how investing in venture capital (VC) affects the entrepreneurial outcomes of individual limited partners (LPs). Using comprehensive administrative data on entrepreneurial activities and VC fundraising and investments in China, we first document that... View Details
      Keywords: Partners and Partnerships; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Investment; China
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      Lerner, Josh, Jinlin Li, and Tong Liu. "Learning by Investing: Entrepreneurial Spillovers from Venture Capital." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-029, November 2023.
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