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    • News  (34)
    • Research  (49)
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  • All HBS Web  (100)
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    • News  (34)
    • Research  (49)
    • Events  (4)
  • Faculty Publications  (34)
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  • 2020
  • Article

How Signal Intensity of Behavioral Orientations Affects Crowdfunding Performance: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Crowdfunding Business Ventures

By: Goran Calic and Anton Shevchenko
Backers assess a crowdfunding campaign description not merely for a project’s capacity to deliver a reward, but also for the manner in which that reward is delivered. Viewed through the lens of signalling theory, crowdfunding performance depends on the signals of... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurship; Consumer Behavior; Communication Strategy
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Calic, Goran, and Anton Shevchenko. "How Signal Intensity of Behavioral Orientations Affects Crowdfunding Performance: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Crowdfunding Business Ventures." Journal of Business Research 115 (2020): 204–220.
  • November 2023 (Revised May 2024)
  • Case

Kickstarter: Crowdfunding for the Arts

By: Rohit Deshpandé and Alexis Lefort
Kickstarter was a virtual crowdfunding platform and community that allowed creators of all kinds to raise funding for creative projects. The executive team was wrestling with a tension in its business model: the organization earned the majority of its revenue from... View Details
Keywords: Fundraising; Mission; Crowdfunding; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Arts; Web Services Industry; United States
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Deshpandé, Rohit, and Alexis Lefort. "Kickstarter: Crowdfunding for the Arts." Harvard Business School Case 524-016, November 2023. (Revised May 2024.)
  • July 2016
  • Article

Kicking Off Social Entrepreneurship: How A Sustainability Orientation Influences Crowdfunding Success

By: Goran Calic and Elaine Mosakowski
Research generally suggests that, relative to commercial entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs stand at a disadvantage at acquiring resources through traditional financial institutions. Yet interest in social entrepreneurship appears to be at an all-time high. The... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Entrepreneurial Finance; Social Entrepreneurship; Capital; Environmental Sustainability
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Calic, Goran, and Elaine Mosakowski. "Kicking Off Social Entrepreneurship: How A Sustainability Orientation Influences Crowdfunding Success." Journal of Management Studies 53, no. 5 (July 2016): 738–767.
  • January 2023
  • Article

The Dark Side of Machiavellian Rhetoric: Signaling in Reward-Based Crowdfunding Performance

By: Goran Calic, Rene Arseneault and Maryam Ghasemaghaei
In this study, we explore the impact of Machiavellian rhetoric on fundraising within the increasingly important context of online crowdfunding. The “all-or-nothing” funding model used by the world’s largest crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, may be an attractive... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Communication Strategy; Entrepreneurial Finance; Behavior
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Calic, Goran, Rene Arseneault, and Maryam Ghasemaghaei. "The Dark Side of Machiavellian Rhetoric: Signaling in Reward-Based Crowdfunding Performance." Journal of Business Ethics 182, no. 3 (January 2023): 875–896.
  • March 2014 (Revised May 2016)
  • Technical Note

Angel Investments in Europe and Recent Developments in Crowdfunding

By: Lynda Applegate, Vincent Dessain, Emilie Billaud and Daniela Beyersdorfer
This technical note provides information on the evolution and current state of angel investing in Europe. The note first describes the role and types of angel investors, focusing on their investment preferences and practices. It then details the new trends in the... View Details
Keywords: Angel Investors; Crowdfunding; Financing and Loans; Investment; Financial Services Industry; Europe
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Applegate, Lynda, Vincent Dessain, Emilie Billaud, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Angel Investments in Europe and Recent Developments in Crowdfunding." Harvard Business School Technical Note 814-047, March 2014. (Revised May 2016.)
  • 2015
  • Working Paper

Crowdfunding as 'Donations': Theory & Evidence

By: Kevin J. Boudreau, Lars Bo Jeppesen, Toke Reichstein and Francesco Rullani
For a wide class of crowdfunding approaches, we argue that the reward structure (for funders) is closer to that of charitable donations to public goods than it is to traditional entrepreneurial finance. Many features of the design of crowdfunding platforms can... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding Platforms; Entrepreneurial Finance; Free-riding; Voluntary Contributions To Public Goods; Online Technology; Entrepreneurship; Social and Collaborative Networks; Finance; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving
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Boudreau, Kevin J., Lars Bo Jeppesen, Toke Reichstein, and Francesco Rullani. "Crowdfunding as 'Donations': Theory & Evidence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-038, September 2015.
  • September 2020
  • Article

How Multimedia Shape Crowdfunding Outcomes: The Overshadowing Effect of Images and Videos on Text in Campaign Information

By: J Yang, Y Li, Goran Calic and Anton Shevchenko
This study aims to explore the moderating effect of the number of images and videos on the relationship between text length in crowdfunding campaign descriptions and crowdfunding outcomes. We use data from 13,622 technology campaigns on the Kickstarter website to test... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Media; Cognition and Thinking; Performance Effectiveness; Entrepreneurial Finance
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Yang, J., Y Li, Goran Calic, and Anton Shevchenko. "How Multimedia Shape Crowdfunding Outcomes: The Overshadowing Effect of Images and Videos on Text in Campaign Information." Journal of Business Research 117 (September 2020): 6–18.
  • 01 Jul 2013
  • Research & Ideas

Crowdfunding a Poor Investment?

for the Securities and Exchange Commission to pass rules that would allow for crowdfunding investment on a large scale. Already, companies have dipped their toes into crowdfunding through websites such as... View Details
Keywords: by Michael Blanding; Financial Services
  • September 2021
  • Case

Birchal: Equity Crowdfunding in Australia

By: Scott Duke Kominers and Alexandru Nichifor
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Kominers, Scott Duke, and Alexandru Nichifor. "Birchal: Equity Crowdfunding in Australia." Harvard Business School Case 822-034, September 2021.
  • Article

Collection, Exploration and Analysis of Crowdfunding Social Networks

By: Miao Cheng, Anand Sriramulu, Sudarshan Muralidhar, Boon Thau Loo, Laura Huang and Po-Ling Loh
Crowdfunding is a recent financing phenomenon that is gaining wide popularity as a means for startups to raise seed funding for their companies. This paper presents our initial results at understanding this phenomenon using an exploratory data driven approach. We have... View Details
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Cheng, Miao, Anand Sriramulu, Sudarshan Muralidhar, Boon Thau Loo, Laura Huang, and Po-Ling Loh. "Collection, Exploration and Analysis of Crowdfunding Social Networks." Proceedings of the International Workshop on Exploratory Search in Databases and the Web 3rd (2016): 25–30.
  • 08 May 2023
  • Research & Ideas

How Trump’s Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Crushed Crowdfunding for Minority Entrepreneurs

What does fearmongering about immigration have to do with crowdfunding new ideas on Kickstarter? For Black, Asian, and Hispanic entrepreneurs, such rhetoric can undermine fundraising efforts, making it even less likely that new ideas will... View Details
Keywords: by Scott Van Voorhis
  • Article

Wisdom or Madness? Comparing Crowds with Expert Evaluation in Funding the Arts

By: Ethan Mollick and Ramana Nanda
In fields as diverse as technology entrepreneurship and the arts, crowds of interested stakeholders are increasingly responsible for deciding which innovations to fund, a privilege that was previously reserved for a few experts, such as venture capitalists and... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Arts; Decision Choices and Conditions; Entrepreneurship; Investment; Fine Arts Industry; Technology Industry
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Mollick, Ethan, and Ramana Nanda. "Wisdom or Madness? Comparing Crowds with Expert Evaluation in Funding the Arts." Management Science 62, no. 6 (June 2016): 1533–1553.
  • February 2025
  • Article

Seeing the Whole: Configurational Cognition and New Venture Resource Mobilization

By: Goran Calic, François Neville, Santi Furnari and C. S. Richard Chan
Research is scant on how multiple venture attributes combine as “whole packages” of signals (or cognitive configurations) in resource holders’ eyes, shaping a venture’s ability to mobilize resources. Drawing on a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 1,395 crowdfunding... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Mission and Purpose; Entrepreneurship; Communication; Perception
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Calic, Goran, François Neville, Santi Furnari, and C. S. Richard Chan. "Seeing the Whole: Configurational Cognition and New Venture Resource Mobilization." Strategic Management Journal 46, no. 2 (February 2025): 309–347.
  • March 2014 (Revised January 2015)
  • Case

Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing

By: Karim R. Lakhani, Katja Hutter and Greta Friar
This case follows Rodrigo Nino, founder and CEO of commercial real estate development company Prodigy Network, as he develops an equity-based crowdfunding model for small investors to access commercial real estate in Colombia, then tries out the model in the U.S. U.S.... View Details
Keywords: Innovation; Real Estate; Crowdfunding; Crowdsourcing; Digital Innovation; Commercial Real Estate; Online Platforms; Disruption; Transformation; Design; Assets; Equity; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Real Estate Industry; Latin America; New York (state, US); United States
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Lakhani, Karim R., Katja Hutter, and Greta Friar. "Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing." Harvard Business School Case 614-064, March 2014. (Revised January 2015.)
  • December 2021
  • Article

Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight

By: Aticus Peterson and Andy Wu
We study how learning by experience across projects affects an entrepreneur's strategic foresight. In a quantitative study of 314 entrepreneurs across 722 crowdfunded projects supplemented with a program of qualitative interviews, we counterintuitively find that... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Experience; Prediction; Timeline; Complexity; Entrepreneurship; Learning; Experience and Expertise; Forecasting and Prediction
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Peterson, Aticus, and Andy Wu. "Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight." Art. 1. Strategic Management Journal 42, no. 13 (December 2021): 2357–2388. (Lead article.)
  • January 2025
  • Article

Everyone Steps Back?: The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High

By: John (Jianqui) Bai, William R. Kerr, Chi Wan and Alptug Yorulmaz
We study funding gaps on Kickstarter across multiple ethnic groups from 2009 to 2021. Scaling the concept of racially salient events, we quantify the close co-movement of minority funding gaps in crowd-funding to inflamed political rhetoric surrounding migration. The... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Immigration; Public Opinion
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Bai, John (Jianqui), William R. Kerr, Chi Wan, and Alptug Yorulmaz. "Everyone Steps Back? The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High." Research Policy 54, no. 1 (January 2025).
  • 2024
  • Working Paper

Migration Fear and Minority Crowd-Funding Success: Evidence from Kickstarter

By: John (Jianqui) Bai, William R. Kerr, Chi Wan and Alptug Yorulmaz
We study racial biases on Kickstarter across multiple ethnic groups from 2009-2021. Scaling the concept of racially salient events, we quantify the close co-movement of minority funding gaps to inflamed political rhetoric surrounding migration. The racial funding gap... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Immigration; Public Opinion
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Bai, John (Jianqui), William R. Kerr, Chi Wan, and Alptug Yorulmaz. "Everyone Steps Back? The Widespread Retraction of Crowd-Funding Support for Minority Creators When Migration Fear Is High." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-046, January 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight

By: Aticus Peterson and Andy Wu
We study how learning by experience across projects affects an entrepreneur's strategic foresight. In a quantitative study of 314 entrepreneurs across 722 crowdfunded projects supplemented with a program of qualitative interviews, we counterintuitively find that... View Details
Keywords: Experience; Interdependency; Strategic Foresight; Crowdfunding; Timeline; Delay; Forecasting; Entrepreneurship; Learning; Complexity; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Development; Planning
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Peterson, Aticus, and Andy Wu. "Entrepreneurial Learning and Strategic Foresight." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-123, January 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
  • November–December 2018
  • Article

Slack Time and Innovation

By: Ajay Agrawal, Christian Catalini, Avi Goldfarb and Hong Luo
Traditional innovation models assume that new ideas are developed up to the point where the benefit of the marginal project is just equal to the cost. Because labor is a key input to innovation when the opportunity cost of time is lower, such as during school breaks or... View Details
Keywords: Crowdfunding; Slack Time; Innovation and Invention; Labor; Projects; Complexity; Value
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Agrawal, Ajay, Christian Catalini, Avi Goldfarb, and Hong Luo. "Slack Time and Innovation." Organization Science 29, no. 6 (November–December 2018): 1056–1073.
  • August 2019
  • Teaching Note

Back to the Roots

By: Elizabeth A. Keenan and Leslie K. John
Email mking@hbs.edu for a courtesy copy.

This Teaching Note explains the theory of the case and teaching plan for the case: Back to the Roots HBS case No. 518-073. Back to the Roots (BTTR) is a start-up with a... View Details
Keywords: Organic Food; Startup; Crowdfunding; Sustainability; Transparency; Entrepreneurship; Product Development; Product Marketing; Growth and Development Strategy; Decision Making; Food; Food and Beverage Industry
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Keenan, Elizabeth A., and Leslie K. John. "Back to the Roots." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 520-028, August 2019. (Email mking@hbs.edu for a courtesy copy.)
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