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  • May 16, 2019
  • Article

To Improve Food Inspections, Change the Way They're Scheduled

By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Health inspections are an important tool to increase food safety, but there are still 48 million cases of food-borne illnesses and 128,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. Our research finds that inspectors reported fewer health code violations as they... View Details
Keywords: Inspection; Scheduling; Food; Safety; Health; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Performance Improvement
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Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "To Improve Food Inspections, Change the Way They're Scheduled." Harvard Business Review (website) (May 16, 2019).
  • September 2014 (Revised February 2017)
  • Case

Belk: Towards Exceptional Scheduling

By: Ethan Bernstein, Saravanan Kesavan, Bradley Staats and Luke Hassall
With 24,000 staff and over 300 stores, Belk Inc. sought to replace its entirely manual labor scheduling system with an automated software solution from Reflexis. Belk hoped the upgrade would simplify scheduling, reduce time employees spent in non-customer-facing roles,... View Details
Keywords: Retail; Scheduling; Local Autonomy; Automation; Metrics; Organizational Change; Human Resource Management; Process Improvement; Performance Measurement; Transparency; Southern United States; Retailing; Department Stores; System Outsourced Services; Employee Relationship Management; Selection and Staffing; Change Management; Governance Controls; Resource Allocation; Service Operations; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance Evaluation; Performance Improvement; Applications and Software; Family Business; Retail Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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Bernstein, Ethan, Saravanan Kesavan, Bradley Staats, and Luke Hassall. "Belk: Towards Exceptional Scheduling." Harvard Business School Case 415-023, September 2014. (Revised February 2017.)
  • 2018
  • Working Paper

How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Many production processes are subject to inspection to ensure they meet quality, safety, and environmental standards imposed by companies and regulators. Inspection accuracy is critical to inspections being a useful input to assessing risks, allocating quality... View Details
Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Performance Evaluation; Food and Beverage Industry; Service Industry
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Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-090, April 2017. (Revised October 2018. Formerly titled "Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling". Featured in Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, and Food Safety News.)
  • Research Summary

Airline Schedule Disruptions

Increasing congestion and frequent schedule disruptions throughout the National Air Transportation System, both at airports and en route, have led to significant flight and passenger delays. Professor Fearing's primary research focus is on measuring and reducing... View Details

Keywords: Performance Measurement; Air Transportation; Traffic Flow Management; Air Transportation Industry
  • June 2020
  • Article

How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes... View Details
Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–2416. (Revised February 2019. Featured in Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, Food Safety News, and KelloggInsight. (2020 MSOM Responsible Research Finalist.))
  • October 1976 (Revised October 1978)
  • Case

Master Scheduling Game

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Miller, Jeffrey G. "Master Scheduling Game." Harvard Business School Case 677-061, October 1976. (Revised October 1978.)
  • February 1984
  • Exercise

Exercises in Scheduling

By: John E. Bishop
Keywords: Operations; Management
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Bishop, John E. "Exercises in Scheduling." Harvard Business School Exercise 684-053, February 1984.
  • September 1973 (Revised August 1974)
  • Case

Eastern Airlines: December Schedule

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Wyckoff, Daryl D., and Leslie Buck. "Eastern Airlines: December Schedule." Harvard Business School Case 674-010, September 1973. (Revised August 1974.)
  • March 2017
  • Teaching Note

Belk: Toward Exceptional Scheduling

By: Ethan Bernstein, Saravanan Kesavan, Bradley Staats, Luke Hassall and Kathy Qu
Teaching Note for HBS No. 415-023. View Details
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Bernstein, Ethan, Saravanan Kesavan, Bradley Staats, Luke Hassall, and Kathy Qu. "Belk: Toward Exceptional Scheduling." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 417-059, March 2017.
  • 2022
  • Working Paper

Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions

By: Caleb Kwon, Ananth Raman and Jorge Tamayo
We empirically analyze how managerial overrides to a commercial algorithm that forecasts demand and schedules labor affect store performance. We analyze administrative data from a large grocery retailer that utilizes a commercial algorithm to forecast demand and... View Details
Keywords: Employees; Human Capital; Performance; Applications and Software; Management Skills; Management Practices and Processes; Retail Industry
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Kwon, Caleb, Ananth Raman, and Jorge Tamayo. "Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions." Working Paper, December 2022. (R&R Management Science.)
  • 12 Apr 2017
  • Research & Ideas

Why Productivity Suffers When Employees Are Allowed to Schedule Their Own Tasks

Source: rawpixel Many jobs involve completing a series of sequential, independent, prearranged tasks. Physicians see patients; teachers grade papers; insurance agents process stacks of claims. In the interest of productivity, some organizations have a predetermined... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel; Health
  • September 2, 2014
  • Article

How to Manage Scheduling Software Fairly

By: Ethan Bernstein, Saravanan Kesavan and Bradley Staats
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Bernstein, Ethan, Saravanan Kesavan, and Bradley Staats. "How to Manage Scheduling Software Fairly." Harvard Business Review Blogs (September 2, 2014). (A version of this article appeared in the December 2014 issue of Harvard Business Review under the title "Taming Scheduling Software.")
  • 2023
  • Working Paper

The Effects of Inconsistent Work Schedules on Employee Lateness and Absenteeism

By: Caleb Kwon and Ananth Raman
Problem Definition: Employee lateness and absenteeism pose challenges for businesses, particularly in the retail industry, where punctuality is vital for optimal store operations and customer service. This paper relates employee lateness and absenteeism with... View Details
Keywords: Behavior; Employees; Human Capital; Retail Industry
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Kwon, Caleb, and Ananth Raman. "The Effects of Inconsistent Work Schedules on Employee Lateness and Absenteeism." Working Paper, August 2023.
  • February 2025
  • Exercise

Building a Generative AI-Powered MBA Course Scheduler

By: Iavor Bojinov and Annika Hildebrandt
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Bojinov, Iavor, and Annika Hildebrandt. "Building a Generative AI-Powered MBA Course Scheduler." Harvard Business School Exercise 625-096, February 2025.
  • 2024
  • Working Paper

Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions

By: Caleb Kwon, Ananth Raman and Jorge Tamayo
We investigate whether corporate officers should grant managers discretion to override AI-driven demand forecasts and labor scheduling tools. Analyzing five years of administrative data from a large grocery retailer using such an AI tool, encompassing over 500 stores,... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Forecasting and Prediction; Working Conditions; Performance Productivity
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Kwon, Caleb, Ananth Raman, and Jorge Tamayo. "Human-Computer Interactions in Demand Forecasting and Labor Scheduling Decisions." Working Paper, April 2024.
  • March 1986 (Revised March 1991)
  • Supplement

Inland Steel Co. Product Policy (F): Quality Scheduling

By: Benson P. Shapiro and Lawrence B. Levine
Keywords: Metals and Minerals; Steel Industry
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Shapiro, Benson P., and Lawrence B. Levine. "Inland Steel Co. Product Policy (F): Quality Scheduling." Harvard Business School Supplement 587-139, March 1986. (Revised March 1991.)
  • 14 Sep 2016
  • Research & Ideas

Web Surfers Have a Schedule and Stick to It

In most markets, products and services compete for the consumer’s money. On the internet, however, the coin of the realm is time, not money—websites and other online services fight for the attention of visitors. So understanding when, how, and for how long we allocate... View Details
Keywords: by Julia Hanna; Retail; Web Services
  • 2013
  • Other Unpublished Work

Differential Effects of Emergent and Scheduled Incoming Surgical Patients

By: Jillian Alexandra Berry
Citation
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Berry, Jillian Alexandra. "Differential Effects of Emergent and Scheduled Incoming Surgical Patients." 2013. (In Progress.)
  • 04 Oct 2024
  • In Practice

Research-Based Advice for the Seasonally Overwhelmed and Schedule Challenged

Similarly, the fitness studios I frequented often adjusted the class schedules twice a year—almost like two “semesters.” Likewise, the enrichment activities my kids decided to participate in reset each fall. Even the Broadway plays and... View Details
Keywords: by Rachel Layne
  • 2021
  • Working Paper

Time Dependence and Preference: Implications for Compensation Structure and Shift Scheduling

By: Doug J. Chung, Byungyeon Kim and Byoung G. Park
This study jointly examines agents’ time dependence—period effects within instantaneous utility—and time preference—behavior on discounting future utility. The study considers the start- and end-of-period effects for time dependence and exponential and hyperbolic... View Details
Keywords: Time Preferences; Present Bias; Hyperbolic Discounting; Compensation; Dynamic Structural Models; Identification; Time Management; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Performance; Compensation and Benefits
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Chung, Doug J., Byungyeon Kim, and Byoung G. Park. "Time Dependence and Preference: Implications for Compensation Structure and Shift Scheduling." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-121, April 2021.
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