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- February 2022
- Module Note
Behavioral Economics and Choice Architecture
By: John Beshears
This module note for instructors describes a module on the design of choice architecture solutions to organizational problems. View Details
Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Choice Architecture; Organizations; Problems and Challenges; Decision Choices and Conditions; Economics
Beshears, John. "Behavioral Economics and Choice Architecture." Harvard Business School Module Note 922-029, February 2022.
- 2015
- Working Paper
Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities
How do firms create and capture value in large technical systems? In this paper, I argue that the points of both value creation and value capture are the system's bottlenecks. Bottlenecks arise first as important technical problems to be solved. Once the problem is... View Details
Keywords: Architecture; Architectural Knowledge; Dynamic Capabilities; Bottleneck; Modularity; Organization Design; Organization Boundaries; Property Rights; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-028, October 2014. (Revised May 2015.)
- July 2010 (Revised September 2012)
- Case
Public Architecture
By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Christopher Marquis and Bobbi Thomason
Public Architecture is a non-profit architecture company dedicated to creating social and professional change through design for the public good. Public has focused on three strategies to create change: 1) promoting the design community's commitment to pro bono work,... View Details
Keywords: Design; Innovation and Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Nonprofit Organizations; Business Strategy; Integration
Ramarajan, Lakshmi, Christopher Marquis, and Bobbi Thomason. "Public Architecture." Harvard Business School Case 411-030, July 2010. (Revised September 2012.)
- 1998
- Book
Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architectures
By: D. Nadler and Michael Tushman
Keywords: Organizational Design
Nadler, D., and Michael Tushman. Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architectures. NY: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- September 2021
- Article
Innovation in the 21st Century: Architectural Change, Purpose, and the Challenges of Our Time
Understanding the process of innovation has been a central concern of management researchers, but despite this progress, there remains much that we do not understand. Deepening our knowledge is critically important given the enormous environmental and social challenges... View Details
Keywords: Architectural Innovation; Systemic Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Mission and Purpose; Environmental Sustainability
Henderson, Rebecca. "Innovation in the 21st Century: Architectural Change, Purpose, and the Challenges of Our Time." Management Science 67, no. 9 (September 2021).
- 1995
- Working Paper
IT Architectures and Organizational Information Processing Capacity: A Synthesis and Illustration
By: Chiara Francalanci and Richard L. Nolan
- 12 Dec 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities
Keywords: by Carliss Y. Baldwin
- 2010
- Working Paper
When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge
This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying "bottlenecks" in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Investment Return; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Design; Organizational Design; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-063, February 2010. (Revised July 2010, October 2010.)
- 28 Apr 2006 - 1 May 2006
- Conference Presentation
Exploring the Relationship between Product Architecture and Organizational Form: A Test of "Conway's Law"
By: Alan MacCormack
MacCormack, Alan. Exploring the Relationship between Product Architecture and Organizational Form: A Test of "Conway's Law". In Empirical Studies of Software Development (Session Chair). Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), Boston, MA, April 28–May 1, 2006.
- 1 Aug 1985
- Conference Presentation
The Architecture of Organizational Change: Linking Micro to Macro in the Change Process
By: R. M. Kanter
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation
- August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
- Background Note
Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture
The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a... View Details
Applegate, Lynda M. "Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-005, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)
- Article
Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis
By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak
A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that the organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are... View Details
Keywords: Organization Design; Architecture; Modularity; Open Source Software; Communication; Design; Governance; Management Practices and Processes; Open Source Distribution; Product Design; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Structure; Performance; Problems and Challenges; Behavior; Software
MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis." Research Policy 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 1309–1324.
- Research Summary
The Architecture of the Integrated Organization
By: Ranjay Gulati
In this research I explore how organizations balance pressures for efficiency with the need to be responsive at the same time. Operating in turbulent global markets it is increasingly important for firms to embrace both global efficiency and also local responsiveness.... View Details
- February 2007
- Case
IBM Culture in Its Architecture
By: A. Eugene Kohn and Kerry Herman
In 1992, Lou Gerstner was the CEO of IBM during a period where the firm was losing money and a turnaround was desperately needed. In a bold decision, Gerstner chose to build a new headquarters in Armonk, NY that had strict limits on expandability. His idea was to use... View Details
Keywords: Design; Leadership; Job Design and Levels; Organizational Structure; Buildings and Facilities; Business Headquarters; Decisions; Organizational Culture; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Information Technology Industry; New York (state, US)
Kohn, A. Eugene, and Kerry Herman. "IBM Culture in Its Architecture." Harvard Business School Case 207-026, February 2007.
- 2012
- Book
The Architecture of Innovation: The Economics of Creative Organizations
By: Josh Lerner
Innovation is a much-used buzzword these days, but when it comes to creating and implementing a new idea, many companies miss the mark—plans backfire, consumer preferences shift, or tried-and-true practices fail to work in a new context. So is innovation just a... View Details
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Organizational Structure; Microeconomics
Lerner, Josh. The Architecture of Innovation: The Economics of Creative Organizations. Harvard Business Review Press, 2012.
- September 2016 (Revised May 2018)
- Case
Zurich Insurance: Global Job Structure and Data Analysis
By: Boris Groysberg and Katherine Connolly
Zurich Insurance was undergoing organizational change after implementing five new people practices focused on manager development, diversity and inclusion, job model and data analytics, recruitment, and talent pipeline. The case “Zurich Insurance: Fostering Key People... View Details
Keywords: Managing Change; Organizational Behavior; Organizational Architecture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership; Human Capital; Change Management; Organizational Structure; Insurance; Organizational Culture; Globalization; Human Resources; Insurance Industry
Groysberg, Boris, and Katherine Connolly. "Zurich Insurance: Global Job Structure and Data Analysis." Harvard Business School Case 417-038, September 2016. (Revised May 2018.)
- October 2010
- Article
Organizational Designs and Innovation Streams
By: Michael Tushman, Wendy K. Smith, Robert Chapman Wood, George Westerman and Charles A. O'Reilly III
This article empirically explores the relations between alternative organizational designs and a firm's ability to explore as well as exploit. We operationalize exploitation and exploration in terms of innovation streams—incremental innovation in existing products as... View Details
Keywords: Competency and Skills; Innovation and Invention; Management Teams; Product Development; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Outcome or Result; Performance Improvement
Tushman, Michael, Wendy K. Smith, Robert Chapman Wood, George Westerman, and Charles A. O'Reilly III. "Organizational Designs and Innovation Streams." Industrial and Corporate Change 19, no. 5 (October 2010): 1331–1366. (doi: 10.1093/icc/dtq040.)