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- June 2000
- Article
On the Regulatory Application of Efficiency Measures
The last decade has witnessed a change to more powerful incentive schemes and the adoption by a large number of regulators of some form of price cap regimes. The efficiency frontiers literature tackles the problem of measuring the X factor in a price cap regime... View Details
Ruzzier, Christian Alejandro. "On the Regulatory Application of Efficiency Measures." Utilities Policy 9, no. 2 (June 2000): 81–92. (with M. Rossi.)
- Article
DEA Model with Shared Resources and Efficiency Decomposition
By: Yao Chen, Juan Du, H. David Sherman and Joe Zhu
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has proved to be an excellent approach for measuring performance of decision making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to generate multiple outputs. In many real world scenarios, DMUs have a two-stage network process with shared input... View Details
Chen, Yao, Juan Du, H. David Sherman, and Joe Zhu. "DEA Model with Shared Resources and Efficiency Decomposition." European Journal of Operational Research 207, no. 1 (November 2010): 339–349.
- January 2016
- Teaching Note
Groom Energy Solutions: Selling Efficiency
By: Michael W. Toffel, Kira Fabrizio and Stephanie van Sice
This case examines a start-up service provider that helps clients improve the energy efficiency of their factories, warehouses, and commercial and office spaces by integrating and installing lighting, heating, and cooling technologies. The company seeks to double... View Details
- July 2011
- Article
Unexploited Efficiencies in Higher Education
By: Henry C. Eyring
In "Unexploited Efficiencies in Higher Education," Henry C. Eyring argues that one way that the U.S. can compete globally in college attainment is to decrease cost-per-graduate. He explains how many stakeholders in higher education stand to benefit from unexploited... View Details
Keywords: Performance Measurement; Innovation; Control Systems; Education; Performance Evaluation; Innovation and Invention; Education Industry; United States
Eyring, Henry C. "Unexploited Efficiencies in Higher Education." Art. 1. Contemporary Issues in Education Research 4, no. 7 (July 2011): 1–18. (Best Paper Award, March 2011 Clute Institute International Economic Conference.)
- May 2024
- Article
Housing Policies and Energy Efficiency Spillovers in Low and Moderate Income Communities
By: Omar Isaac Asensio, Olga Churkina, Becky D. Rafter and Kira E O'Hare
Housing policies address the human dimensions of increasing urban density, but their energy and sustainability implications are hard to measure due to challenges with siloed civic data. This is especially critical when evaluating policies targeting low- and... View Details
Keywords: Energy Efficiency; Public Policy; Climate Change; Energy Conservation; Housing; Analytics and Data Science; Policy; Income; Environmental Sustainability; Real Estate Industry; United States
Asensio, Omar Isaac, Olga Churkina, Becky D. Rafter, and Kira E O'Hare. "Housing Policies and Energy Efficiency Spillovers in Low and Moderate Income Communities." Nature Sustainability 7, no. 5 (May 2024): 590–601.
- 2025
- Working Paper
Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation
By: Kyle Herkenhoff, Josh Lerner, Gordon M. Phillips, Francisca Rebelo and Benjamin Sampson
We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new
database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To
guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in... View Details
Herkenhoff, Kyle, Josh Lerner, Gordon M. Phillips, Francisca Rebelo, and Benjamin Sampson. "Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-046, March 2025. (Revised June 2025.)
- August 1999
- Article
Measuring the Efficiency of Service Delivery Processes: With Application to Retail Banking
By: F. Frei and P. Harker
Frei, F., and P. Harker. "Measuring the Efficiency of Service Delivery Processes: With Application to Retail Banking." Journal of Service Research 1, no. 4 (August 1999): 300–312.
- May 2004
- Article
The Case for International Coordination of Electricity Regulation: Evidence from the Measurement of Efficiency in South America
A decade of experience has shown that monitoring the performance of public and private monopolies is the hardest part of electricity sector reform in South America—because operators control most of the information needed for effective regulation. South American... View Details
Keywords: Information; Mathematical Methods; Monopoly; Globalization; Energy Sources; Energy Industry; South America
Ruzzier, Christian Alejandro, A. Estache, and M. Rossi. "The Case for International Coordination of Electricity Regulation: Evidence from the Measurement of Efficiency in South America." Journal of Regulatory Economics 25, no. 3 (May 2004): 271–295.
- August 2024
- Technical Note
Measuring Concentrated Ownership
By: Christina R. Wing, Everett Alexander and Justin Huang
Firms with strong governance practices exhibit lower control premiums due to reduced risks and more efficient operations. Conversely, poorly governed firms may exhibit higher control premiums as new owners anticipate the need for substantial governance improvements.... View Details
- July 2008 (Revised August 2008)
- Case
In-Vitro Fertilization: Outcomes Measurement
By: Michael E. Porter, Saquib Rahim and Benjamin Chung-Shi Tsai
As of 2007, there were very few examples of widespread measurement and reporting of health outcomes, a critical quality measure. In-vitro fertilization clinics have been required to report their patient's health outcomes since 1995. The protagonist of the case, Dr.... View Details
Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Measurement and Metrics; Operations; Outcome or Result; Health Industry; Cleveland
Porter, Michael E., Saquib Rahim, and Benjamin Chung-Shi Tsai. "In-Vitro Fertilization: Outcomes Measurement." Harvard Business School Case 709-403, July 2008. (Revised August 2008.)
- 2023
- Working Paper
Dynamic Pricing, Intertemporal Spillovers, and Efficiency
By: Alexander J. MacKay, Dennis Svartbäck and Anders G. Ekholm
Pricing technology that allows firms to rapidly adjust prices has two potential benefits.
Time-varying prices can respond to high-frequency demand shocks to generate greater revenues,
and they can also be used to smooth out demand to reduce costs. Using data... View Details
MacKay, Alexander J., Dennis Svartbäck, and Anders G. Ekholm. "Dynamic Pricing, Intertemporal Spillovers, and Efficiency." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-007, July 2022. (Revised December 2023.)
- Article
Operational Efficiency and Effective Management in the Catheterization Laboratory
By: Grant W. Reed, Michael L. Tushman and Samir R. Kapadia
Operational efficiency is a core business principle in which organizations strive to deliver high-quality goods or services in a cost-effective manner. This concept has become increasingly relevant to cardiac catheterization laboratories, as insurers move away from... View Details
Keywords: Cath Lab; Catheterization Laboratory; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Efficiency; Management; Performance Productivity; Cost Management; Health Industry
Reed, Grant W., Michael L. Tushman, and Samir R. Kapadia. "Operational Efficiency and Effective Management in the Catheterization Laboratory." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72, no. 20 (November 20, 2018): 2507–2517.
- May 2011 (Revised January 2012)
- Supplement
OPOWER: Increasing Energy Efficiency through Normative Influence (B)
By: Maarten W. Bos, Amy J.C. Cuddy and Kyle Todd Doherty
The case profiles OPOWER, an energy efficiency software company that applies Cialdini's principles of social influence to successfully encourage consumers to reduce their energy usage. OPOWER was co-founded in 2008 by two young Harvard graduates, Dan Yates and Alex... View Details
Keywords: Energy Conservation
Bos, Maarten W., Amy J.C. Cuddy, and Kyle Todd Doherty. "OPOWER: Increasing Energy Efficiency through Normative Influence (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 911-061, May 2011. (Revised January 2012.)
- September 2010 (Revised January 2012)
- Case
OPOWER: Increasing Energy Efficiency through Normative Influence (A)
By: Amy J.C. Cuddy, Kyle Todd Doherty and Maarten W. Bos
The case profiles OPOWER, an energy efficiency software company that applies Cialdini's principles of social influence to successfully encourage consumers to reduce their energy usage. OPOWER was co-founded in 2008 by two young Harvard graduates, Dan Yates and Alex... View Details
Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Applications and Software; Attitudes; Entrepreneurship; Energy Conservation; Power and Influence; Growth and Development Strategy; Energy Industry; United States
Cuddy, Amy J.C., Kyle Todd Doherty, and Maarten W. Bos. "OPOWER: Increasing Energy Efficiency through Normative Influence (A)." Harvard Business School Case 911-016, September 2010. (Revised January 2012.)
- February 2018
- Case
Root Capital and the Efficient Impact Frontier
By: Shawn Cole and Caitlin Reimers Brumme
In 2015 Root Capital, a pioneer in the impact investing space, began to explore how to more systematically integrate impact and financial management. After much deliberation, Root Capital landed on ex-ante rating system for any potential investment that produced a... View Details
Cole, Shawn, and Caitlin Reimers Brumme. "Root Capital and the Efficient Impact Frontier." Harvard Business School Case 218-084, February 2018.
- 1998
- Chapter
Divisional Performance Measurement
By: Michael Jensen
Jensen, Michael. "Divisional Performance Measurement." In Foundations of Organizational Strategy, by Michael C. Jensen, 345–361. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
- Article
Equitable and Efficient Coordination in Traffic Flow Management
By: Cynthia Barnhart, Dimitris Bertsimas, Constantine Caramanis and Douglas S. Fearing
When air traffic demand is projected to exceed capacity, the FAA implements Traffic Flow Management programs. Independently, these programs maintain a first-scheduled, first-served invariant, which is the accepted standard of fairness within the industry. Coordinating... View Details
Keywords: Traffic Flow Management; Ground Holding Programs; Equitable Flight Delay; Equity; Saving; Management; Management Practices and Processes; Demand and Consumers; Performance Capacity; Performance Efficiency; Conflict and Resolution; System; Aerospace Industry
Barnhart, Cynthia, Dimitris Bertsimas, Constantine Caramanis, and Douglas S. Fearing. "Equitable and Efficient Coordination in Traffic Flow Management." Transportation Science 46, no. 2 (May 2012).
- 2009
- Working Paper
Specific Knowledge and Divisional Performance Measurement
By: Michael C. Jensen and William H. Meckling
This paper discusses five common divisional performance measurement methods—cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, investment centers, and expense centers—providing a theory that explains when each of these methods is likely to be the most efficient. The... View Details
Keywords: Business Units; Business Headquarters; Decisions; Cost; Investment; Investment Return; Profit; Revenue; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Managerial Roles; Performance Efficiency; Strategy
Jensen, Michael C., and William H. Meckling. "Specific Knowledge and Divisional Performance Measurement." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-025, September 2009.
- June 2007
- Article
Efficient Kidney Exchange: Coincidence of Wants in a Structured Market
By: A. E. Roth, Tayfun Sonmez and M. Utku Unver
Patients needing kidney transplants may have donors who cannot donate to them because of blood or tissue incompatibility. Incompatible patient-donor pairs can exchange donor kidneys with other pairs only when there is a "double coincidence of wants." Developing... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Structure; Size; Emotions; Human Needs; Health Care and Treatment; Health Testing and Trials; Infrastructure; Supply Chain Management; Fairness; Performance Improvement; Health Industry
Roth, A. E., Tayfun Sonmez, and M. Utku Unver. "Efficient Kidney Exchange: Coincidence of Wants in a Structured Market." American Economic Review 97, no. 3 (June 2007): 828–851.
- 16 Jul 2013
- Working Paper Summaries