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    • All HBS Web  (435)
      • Faculty Publications  (29)

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      • March–April 2025
      • Article

      Getting Value from Digital Technologies

      By: Frank Cespedes and Georg Krentzel
      Companies need digital technologies in an omni-channel buying world where online and in-person interactions are complements, not either/or substitutes. Multi-channel hybrid sales solutions are required, but what are the key requirements for using the available... View Details
      Keywords: Sales; Technology Adoption; Competitive Advantage
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      Cespedes, Frank, and Georg Krentzel. "Getting Value from Digital Technologies." European Business Review (March–April 2025): 6–9.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Reimagining the Employee Experience at the LEGO Group

      By: Amy Edmondson, Mark Mortensen and Elisabeth Powell
      In 2024, the LEGO Group faced a decision about the future of LEGO’s Benefits Experience Strategy and the “Best of Both” remote/hybrid work policy. With over 28,500 employees spanning global hubs, retail stores, and manufacturing plants, LEGO leaders had to consider... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Employee Relationship Management; Values and Beliefs; Organizational Culture; Alignment; Compensation and Benefits; Europe
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      Edmondson, Amy, Mark Mortensen, and Elisabeth Powell. "Reimagining the Employee Experience at the LEGO Group." Harvard Business School Case 625-088, January 2025.
      • Winter 2024
      • Article

      Return to Office Decisions: A Culture Question?

      By: Yo-Jud Cheng and Boris Groysberg
      Company culture is an important source of competitive advantage and differentiation. Even in times of crisis, leaders must attend to their company’s culture, designing it in alignment with their strategy and priorities. One of the most consequential decisions that... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Employee Relationship Management
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      Cheng, Yo-Jud, and Boris Groysberg. "Return to Office Decisions: A Culture Question?" Management and Business Review 4, no. 1 (Winter 2024): 8–15.
      • April 2024
      • Article

      An Integrative Model of Hybrid Governance: The Role of Boards in Helping Sustain Organizational Hybridity

      By: Anne-Claire Pache, Julie Battilana and Channing Spencer
      Hybrid organizations must sustainably attend to multiple goals embedded in different institutional spheres. Past research has highlighted the value for hybrids in recruiting board members representing different logics to avoid attentional drifts; yet, diverse boards... View Details
      Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards; Business or Company Management; Organizational Structure
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      Pache, Anne-Claire, Julie Battilana, and Channing Spencer. "An Integrative Model of Hybrid Governance: The Role of Boards in Helping Sustain Organizational Hybridity." Academy of Management Journal 67, no. 2 (April 2024): 437–467.
      • September 2023
      • Technical Note

      Work Arrangements in the Post-Pandemic World

      By: Leslie A. Perlow and Salvatore J. Affinito
      Whether you are choosing your job based on geographic location, work arrangements (i.e., fully in-person, hybrid, fully virtual), or other unrelated factors (e.g., career, family, partner, hobbies), in the post-pandemic world you will likely be surrounded by people... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Work; Remote Work; Working Conditions; Geographic Location
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      Perlow, Leslie A., and Salvatore J. Affinito. "Work Arrangements in the Post-Pandemic World." Harvard Business School Technical Note 424-022, September 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Case

      Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds at Kensington Partners

      By: David G. Fubini, Amr Seifeldin and Patrick Sanguineti
      Sarah Reynolds, a Partner at the global Kensington Partners strategy consulting firm, has headed the firm's Telecommunications Group for a few years. Thanks to her stellar track record with clients, she has brought the group, and herself, a range of accolades and... View Details
      Keywords: Consulting; Consulting Firms; Client Service; Career Management; Success; Time Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Personal Development and Career
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      Fubini, David G., Amr Seifeldin, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds at Kensington Partners." Harvard Business School Case 424-020, August 2023.
      • May 2023 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds Kensington Partners

      By: David G. Fubini, Amr Seifeldin and Patrick Sanguineti
      Sarah Reynolds, a relatively new Partner at the global Kensington Partners strategy consulting firm, has headed the firm's Telecommunications Group for a few years. Thanks to her stellar track record with clients, she has brought the group a range of accolades and... View Details
      Keywords: Consulting; Consulting Firms; Client Service; Career Management
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      Fubini, David G., Amr Seifeldin, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Stay or Go? Sarah Reynolds Kensington Partners." Harvard Business School Case 423-091, May 2023. (Revised May 2023.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space

      By: Stephen Hansen, Peter John Lambert, Nick Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun and Bledi Taska
      The pandemic catalyzed an enduring shift to remote work. To measure and characterize this shift, we examine more than 250 million job vacancy postings across five English-speaking countries. Our measurements rely on a state-of-the-art language-processing framework... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Hybrid Work; Work From Home (WFH); Pandemic; Labor Market; Job Search; Job Design and Levels; Trends
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      Hansen, Stephen, Peter John Lambert, Nick Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Raffaella Sadun, and Bledi Taska. "Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31007, March 2023. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-059, March 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Is Hybrid Work the Best of Both Worlds? Evidence from a Field Experiment

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Christos A. Makridis and Kyle Schirmann
      Hybrid work is emerging as a novel form of organizing work globally. This paper reports causal evidence on how the extent of hybrid work—the number of days worked from home relative to days worked from the office—affects work outcomes. Collaborating with an... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Work; Remote Work; Work-from-home; Field Experiment; Employees; Geographic Location; Performance; Work-Life Balance
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Tarun Khanna, Christos A. Makridis, and Kyle Schirmann. "Is Hybrid Work the Best of Both Worlds? Evidence from a Field Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-063, March 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Sustainability for People and the Planet: Placing Workers at the Center of Sustainability Research

      By: Julie Yen, Julie Battilana and Emilie Aguirre
      Though workers face a series of critical challenges in contemporary work organizations, they are often overlooked in conversations about sustainable business. In this chapter, we argue that prioritizing the rights and well-being of workers is a core dimension of... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Employees; Well-being; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Organizational Structure; Social Issues
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      Yen, Julie, Julie Battilana, and Emilie Aguirre. "Sustainability for People and the Planet: Placing Workers at the Center of Sustainability Research." Chap. 11 in Handbook on the Business of Sustainability: The Organization, Implementation, and Practice of Sustainable Growth, edited by Gerard George, Martine R. Haas, Havovi Joshi, Anita M. McGahan, and Paul Tracey, 189–214. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
      • February 9, 2022
      • Article

      What's the Optimal Workplace for Your Organization?

      By: Maria P. Roche and Andy Wu
      More than two years in the COVID-19 pandemic, companies are struggling with how to reimagine their workspaces for their strategic needs. Too often, leaders push the decision down the road when, in fact, taking decisive action now can pay off later. But how do you... View Details
      Keywords: Workplace; Organization; Hybrid Organizations; Office Space; Growth; Remote Work; Strategy; Organizations; Growth and Development; Working Conditions
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      Roche, Maria P., and Andy Wu. "What's the Optimal Workplace for Your Organization?" Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (February 9, 2022).
      • Column

      The Changing Geography of Work: Priorities for Policy Makers

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      The COVID-19 pandemic thrust the issue of how and where we work into the spotlight. The adoption of remote and hybrid work increased exponentially as lockdowns necessitated social distancing. But now, as we enter a new phase of the pandemic, the Geography of Work—where... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Hybrid Work Model; Work-from-anywhere; Employees; Geographic Location; Policy
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "The Changing Geography of Work: Priorities for Policy Makers." OECD Forum Network (December 6, 2021).
      • September 28, 2021
      • Article

      12 Questions About Hybrid Work, Answered

      By: Tsedal Neeley
      As we move into the next phase of the pandemic, companies are grappling with whether and how to bring their employees back into the office after working from home extensively. According to multiple surveys, most people want a mix of in-person and remote work, and some... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Remote Work; Transition; Employees; Job Design and Levels; Organizational Structure
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      Neeley, Tsedal. "12 Questions About Hybrid Work, Answered." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 28, 2021).
      • June 28, 2021
      • Article

      4 Imperatives for Managing in a Hybrid World

      By: Kalle Heikkinen, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin and Panu Routila
      As more and more companies turn to a hybrid model of work more than a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, what challenges are leaders likely to face when managing people both in the office and remotely? Interviews with 38 executives in Nordic countries point to four main... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Organizational Structure; Management; Leadership
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      Heikkinen, Kalle, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin, and Panu Routila. "4 Imperatives for Managing in a Hybrid World." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (June 28, 2021).
      • 2017
      • Chapter

      On Hybrids and Hybrid Organizing: A Review and Roadmap for Future Research

      By: Julie Battilana, Marya Besharov and Bjoern Mitzinneck
      The purpose of this chapter is to advance research on hybrids by bringing together work from these multiple perspectives; identifying common themes in the antecedents, challenges, opportunities, and management strategies associated with hybridity and highlighting... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Organizational Design; Research
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      Battilana, Julie, Marya Besharov, and Bjoern Mitzinneck. "On Hybrids and Hybrid Organizing: A Review and Roadmap for Future Research." Chap. 5 in The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. 2nd ed. Edited by Royston Greenwood, Christine Oliver, Thomas B. Lawrence, and Renate E. Meyer, 128–162. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2017.
      • September–October 2017
      • Article

      Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures

      By: Stefan Dimitriadis, Matthew Lee, Lakshmi Ramarajan and Julie Battilana
      This paper examines the critical role of gender in the commercialization of social ventures. We argue that cultural beliefs about what is perceived to be appropriate work for each gender influence how founders of social ventures incorporate commercial activity into... View Details
      Keywords: Community; Cultural Beliefs; Social Enterprise; Gender; Local Range; Commercialization; Culture
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      Dimitriadis, Stefan, Matthew Lee, Lakshmi Ramarajan, and Julie Battilana. "Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures." Organization Science 28, no. 5 (September–October 2017): 819–839.
      • December 2015
      • Article

      Harnessing Productive Tensions in Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Work Integration Social Enterprises

      By: Julie Battilana, Metin Sengul, Anne-Claire Pache and Jacob Model
      We examine the factors that influence the social performance of hybrid organizations that pursue a social mission, and sustain their operations through commercial activities, by studying work integration social enterprises (WISEs). We argue that social imprinting and... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Social Enterprise; Social Entrepreneurship; Organizations; Performance Productivity
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      Battilana, Julie, Metin Sengul, Anne-Claire Pache, and Jacob Model. "Harnessing Productive Tensions in Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Work Integration Social Enterprises." Academy of Management Journal 58, no. 6 (December 2015): 1658–1685.
      • 2014
      • Article

      The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations

      By: Alnoor Ebrahim, Julie Battilana and Johanna Mair
      We examine the challenges of governance facing organizations that pursue a social mission through the use of market mechanisms. These hybrid organizations, often referred to as social enterprises, combine aspects of both charity and business at their core. In this... View Details
      Keywords: Governance; Hybrid Organizations; Nonprofit; Performance Measurement; Legal Form; Agency Theory; Stakeholder Management; Mission and Purpose; Social Enterprise; Corporate Accountability
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      Ebrahim, Alnoor, Julie Battilana, and Johanna Mair. "The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior 34 (2014): 81–100.
      • November 2013 (Revised December 2013)
      • Case

      Endeavor: Miami Heats Up

      By: William A. Sahlman, Ramana Nanda, David Lane and Lisa Mazzanti
      Endeavor Global was a nonprofit that for 15 years had worked to nurture entrepreneurship in emerging markets by selecting local high-impact entrepreneurs for mentoring and aid in scaling up their businesses from committed local business leaders. In summer 2012,... View Details
      Keywords: Social Enterprise; Entrepreneurs; Scaling; Emerging Market Entrepreneurship; Not For Profit; Entrepreneurial Finance; Mentoring; Business Networks; Hybrid Nonprofit Funding; Mission and Purpose; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Problems and Challenges; Finance; Miami
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      Sahlman, William A., Ramana Nanda, David Lane, and Lisa Mazzanti. "Endeavor: Miami Heats Up." Harvard Business School Case 814-043, November 2013. (Revised December 2013.)
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      How the Zebra Got Its Stripes: Imprinting of Individuals and Hybrid Social Ventures

      By: Matthew Lee and Julie Battilana
      Hybrid organizations that combine multiple, existing organizational forms are frequently proposed as a source of organizational innovation, yet little is known about the origins of such organizations. We propose that individual founders of hybrid organizations acquire... View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Imprinting; Institutional Theory; Social Entrepreneurship; Organizations
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      Lee, Matthew, and Julie Battilana. "How the Zebra Got Its Stripes: Imprinting of Individuals and Hybrid Social Ventures." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-005, July 2013.
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