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- All HBS Web
(860)
- People (1)
- News (191)
- Research (519)
- Events (5)
- Multimedia (6)
- Faculty Publications (249)
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- Article
Pseudo-Set Framing
By: Kate Barasz, Leslie John, Elizabeth A. Keenan and Michael I. Norton
Pseudo-set framing—arbitrarily grouping items or tasks together as part of an apparent “set”—motivates people to reach perceived completion points. Pseudo-set framing changes gambling choices (Study 1), effort (Studies 2 and 3), giving behavior (Field Data and Study... View Details
Keywords: Framing Effects; Gestalt Psychology; Judgment; Judgments; Decision Making; Perception; Behavior
Barasz, Kate, Leslie John, Elizabeth A. Keenan, and Michael I. Norton. "Pseudo-Set Framing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 146, no. 10 (October 2017): 1460–1477.
- Article
Frame Flexibility: The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Framing in Innovation Adoption by Incumbent Firms
By: Ryan Raffaelli, Mary Ann Glynn and Michael Tushman
Why do incumbent firms frequently reject nonincremental innovations? Beyond technical, structural, or economic factors, we propose an additional factor: the degree of the top management team's (TMT) frame flexibility, i.e., their capability to cognitively expand an... View Details
Keywords: Innovation Adoption; Cognition; Framing; Emotional Resonance; Incumbent Inertia; Innovation and Invention; Technology Adoption; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Change Management
Raffaelli, Ryan, Mary Ann Glynn, and Michael Tushman. "Frame Flexibility: The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Framing in Innovation Adoption by Incumbent Firms." Strategic Management Journal 40, no. 7 (July 2019): 1013–1039.
- 03 Jan 2018
- Working Paper Summaries
Framing Violence, Finding Peace
- 10 Jun 2002
- Research & Ideas
Disruption: The Art of Framing
When we perceive a competitor's groundbreaking innovation as a threat, we may act defensively and hastily. But if we see that same event as an opportunity, our response might be more deliberate and unhurried. As a leader, how you frame... View Details
Keywords: by Clark Gilbert & Joseph L. Bower
- 10 Jul 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Communicating Frames in Negotiations
Keywords: by Kathleen L. McGinn & Markus Nöth
- Article
Getting the Most Out of Giving: Concretely Framing a Prosocial Goal Maximizes Happiness
By: Melanie Rudd, Jennifer Aaker and Michael I. Norton
Across six field and laboratory experiments, participants assigned a more concretely-framed prosocial goal (e.g., making someone smile or increasing recycling) felt happier and reported creating greater personal happiness after performing a goal-directed act of... View Details
Keywords: Prosocial Behavior; Goal Framing; Affective Forecasting; Goals and Objectives; Happiness; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving
Rudd, Melanie, Jennifer Aaker, and Michael I. Norton. "Getting the Most Out of Giving: Concretely Framing a Prosocial Goal Maximizes Happiness." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 54 (September 2014): 11–24.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Equity Concerns Are Narrowly Framed
By: Christine L Exley and Judd B. Kessler
Distributional decisions regularly involve multiple payoff components. In a series of experiments, we show that subjects frequently exhibit narrow equity concerns: individuals apply their fairness preferences narrowly, on a specific component of payoffs, rather... View Details
Keywords: Equity; Equality and Inequality; Fairness; Perception; Outcome or Result; Resource Allocation; Behavior
Exley, Christine L., and Judd B. Kessler. "Equity Concerns Are Narrowly Framed." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-040, November 2018. (Revised August 2021.)
- April 1995 (Revised March 1996)
- Background Note
Framing and Negotiation
How can framing--alternative description of an object, event, or situation--can be used effectively in negotiation? A real estate dialog is used to illustrate three common varieties of framing: losses versus gains; short and long horizons; and aggregation and... View Details
Keywords: Negotiation Tactics
Wu, George. "Framing and Negotiation." Harvard Business School Background Note 895-023, April 1995. (Revised March 1996.)
- October 2022 (Revised November 2023)
- Case
Framebridge (A): Reimagining Custom Framing
By: Rembrand Koning and Alicia Dadlani
In December 2018, Susan Tynan, founder and CEO of Framebridge, a four-year-old venture-backed startup that sold online custom framing, formulated plans for the future. Her vision was to revolutionize the $4 billion industry by making custom framing easy, transparent,... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Business Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Operations; Consumer Products Industry; United States; District of Columbia; Kentucky
Koning, Rembrand, and Alicia Dadlani. "Framebridge (A): Reimagining Custom Framing." Harvard Business School Case 723-352, October 2022. (Revised November 2023.)
- 17 Nov 2017
- Working Paper Summaries
Equity Concerns Are Narrowly Framed
- 2012
- Chapter
Communicating Frames in Negotiations
By: Kathleen L. McGinn and Markus Noth
McGinn, Kathleen L., and Markus Noth. "Communicating Frames in Negotiations." In The Oxford Handbook of Economic Conflict Resolution, edited by Gary E. Bolton and Rachel T.A. Croson, 61–75. Oxford University Press, 2012.
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Paper Summaries
The Framing Effect of Price Format
Keywords: by Marco Bertini & Luc R. Wathieu
- 2006
- Working Paper
The Framing Effect of Price Format
By: Marco Bertini and Luc Wathieu
Bertini, Marco, and Luc Wathieu. "The Framing Effect of Price Format." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 06-055, May 2006.
- August 1972 (Revised September 1976)
- Background Note
Understanding Another Person, Part I: The Individual Frame of Reference
By: Anthony Athos and John J. Gabarro
Personality theory. The individual frame of reference. View Details
Athos, Anthony, and John J. Gabarro. "Understanding Another Person, Part I: The Individual Frame of Reference." Harvard Business School Background Note 473-009, August 1972. (Revised September 1976.)
- Article
How Strategy Maps Frame an Organization's Objectives
By: Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton
Kaplan, Robert S., and David P. Norton. "How Strategy Maps Frame an Organization's Objectives." Financial Executive 20, no. 2 (March–April 2004).
- 2024
- Working Paper
Transforming the Federal Bureau of Investigation: Outcome and Process Framing
This twelve-year qualitative study examines how Director Robert Mueller and his senior team profoundly transformed the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Drawing on 138 interviews within the FBI and Mueller’s... View Details
Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Transformation; Government and Politics; Organizational Change and Adaptation
Raffaelli, Ryan, Tiona Zuzul, Ranjay Gulati, and Jan Rivkin. "Transforming the Federal Bureau of Investigation: Outcome and Process Framing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-084. (Revise and Resubmit.)
- June 2025
- Article
Outcome and Process Frames: Strategic Renewal and Capability Reprioritization at the Federal Bureau of Investigation
[Research Summary]: Framing is critical for leaders who must build support for strategic renewal. While research has concentrated on renewal that replaces one set of capabilities with another, we explore a distinctive challenge: how leaders persuade stakeholders to... View Details
Keywords: Framing; Stakeholder Management; Capabilities; Transformation; Leading Change; Crisis Management; Resource Allocation; Government and Politics; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Public Administration Industry
Raffaelli, Ryan, Tiona Zuzul, Ranjay Gulati, and Jan Rivkin. "Outcome and Process Frames: Strategic Renewal and Capability Reprioritization at the Federal Bureau of Investigation." Strategic Management Journal 46, no. 6 (June 2025): 1325–1362. (Lead article.)
- July–August 1990
- Article
Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind
By: C. A. Bartlett and S. Ghoshal
Keywords: Management
Bartlett, C. A., and S. Ghoshal. "Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind." Harvard Business Review 68, no. 4 (July–August 1990): 138–145.
- Article
Framing for Learning: Lessons in Successful Technology Implementation
By: A. Edmondson
Edmondson, A. "Framing for Learning: Lessons in Successful Technology Implementation." California Management Review 45, no. 2 (Winter 2003): 34–54.
- 2002
- Working Paper
Framing for Learning: Lessons in Successful Technology Implementation
By: Amy C. Edmondson
Edmondson, Amy C. "Framing for Learning: Lessons in Successful Technology Implementation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 02-094, June 2002.