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  • All HBS Web  (983)
    • News  (200)
    • Research  (612)
    • Multimedia  (20)
  • Faculty Publications  (410)

Show Results For

  • All HBS Web  (983)
    • News  (200)
    • Research  (612)
    • Multimedia  (20)
  • Faculty Publications  (410)
Page 1 of 983 Results →
  • June 2011 (Revised December 2013)
  • Case

FIJI Water: Carbon Negative?

By: Francesca Gino, Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Seeking to go beyond global best practices in reducing environmental impacts, FIJI Water, a premium artesian bottled water company in the United States, launched a Carbon Negative campaign that would offset more greenhouse gas emissions than were released by the... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Carbon Offsetting; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Brands and Branding; Negotiation Tactics; Business and Government Relations; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Fiji
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Gino, Francesca, Michael W. Toffel, and Stephanie van Sice. "FIJI Water: Carbon Negative?" Harvard Business School Case 611-049, June 2011. (Revised December 2013.)
  • July 2022
  • Case

FIJI Water: Carbon Negative? (Abridged)

By: Michael W. Toffel, George Serafeim, Francesca Gino, Stephanie Van Sice and Tom Quinn
In the midst of increasing press scrutiny of the bottled water industry’s environmentally harmful practices, FIJI Water made a series of sustainability promises. The boldest of these was a pledge to go “carbon negative.” The company said that not only would they offset... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Carbon Offsetting; Environmental Accounting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Pollution; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Misleading and Fraudulent Advertising; Non-Governmental Organizations; Brands and Branding; Food and Beverage Industry; Fiji; United States
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Toffel, Michael W., George Serafeim, Francesca Gino, Stephanie Van Sice, and Tom Quinn. "FIJI Water: Carbon Negative? (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 623-004, July 2022.
  • June 2011 (Revised February 2024)
  • Background Note

Carbon Footprints: Methods and Calculations

By: Michael W. Toffel, Stephanie van Sice and Kelsey Carter
Describes methods to calculate the carbon footprint (greenhouse gas emissions) of an organization's operations and supply chain, and a product or service. Illustrates concepts with examples of calculating the carbon footprint of organizations and products. Provides... View Details
Keywords: Measurement; Climate Change; Climate Impact; Carbon Accounting; Carbon Footprint; Carbon Emissions; Sustainability; Environmental Management; Operations; Supply Chain; Pollutants; Measurement and Metrics; Environmental Sustainability
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Toffel, Michael W., Stephanie van Sice, and Kelsey Carter. "Carbon Footprints: Methods and Calculations." Harvard Business School Background Note 611-075, June 2011. (Revised February 2024.)
  • 2010
  • Chapter

Carbon As An Investment Opportunity

By: Jurgen Weiss and Veronique Bugnion
The chapter discusses various sources for monetizing carbon abatement and provides an outlook for the size of the market and related investment opportunities. View Details
Keywords: Carbon Abatement; Monetization; Investment
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Weiss, Jurgen, and Veronique Bugnion. "Carbon As An Investment Opportunity." Chap. 9 in Environmental Alpha: Institutional Investors and Climate Change, edited by Angelo Cavallo, 195–211. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
  • December 15, 2023
  • Article

What Every Leader Needs to Know About Carbon Credits

By: Varsha Ramesh Walsh and Michael W. Toffel
Many companies have begun to look into credits to offset their emissions as a way to support their net zero goals as their target years get closer and closer. As it stands, the carbon credit market is too small to bear the brunt of reducing companies’ impacts on the... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Credits; Climate; Accounting; Carbon Offsetting; Carbon Abatement; Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Climate Change; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Regulation
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Ramesh Walsh, Varsha, and Michael W. Toffel. "What Every Leader Needs to Know About Carbon Credits." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 15, 2023).
  • September 2012
  • Background Note

Carbon Credits

By: Forest Reinhardt, Jost Hamschmidt and Mikell Hyman
Keywords: Carbon; Waste Management; Carbon Credits; Emission Reduction; Europe; Japan; Wastes and Waste Processing; Renewable Energy; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Europe; Japan
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Reinhardt, Forest, Jost Hamschmidt, and Mikell Hyman. "Carbon Credits." Harvard Business School Background Note 713-032, September 2012.
  • 2023
  • Working Paper

Toward Decision-Useful Carbon Information

By: Gunther Glenk
Companies are increasingly viewed as crucial drivers for timely decarbonization. Current accounting practices for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, however, often leave corporate carbon disclosures and abatement obscured. Here I introduce a taxonomy for assuring the... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Decarbonization; Carbon Accounting; Net-zero Emissions; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Environment; Environmental Impact; Management; Sustainable Cities; Corporate Disclosure; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Accounting Industry; Consulting Industry; Energy Industry; Auto Industry; Construction Industry; Transportation Industry; Financial Services Industry; Green Technology Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Information Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Public Administration Industry; Steel Industry; Utilities Industry; Europe; North America; South America; Africa; Asia
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Glenk, Gunther. "Toward Decision-Useful Carbon Information." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-026, September 2023. (TRR 266 Accounting for Transparency Working Paper Series, No. 121, May 2023.)
  • March 2022
  • Article

Carbon Footprinting and Pricing under Climate Concerns

By: Marco Bertini, Stefan Buehler, Daniel Halbheer and Don Lehmann
This article studies how organizations should design a product by choosing the carbon footprint and price in a market with climate concerns. The authors first show how the cost and demand effects of reducing the product carbon footprint determine the profit-maximizing... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Carbon Offsetting; Climate Impact; Net-zero Emissions; Pricing; Climate Change; Product Design; Price; Environmental Sustainability; Marketing
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Bertini, Marco, Stefan Buehler, Daniel Halbheer, and Don Lehmann. "Carbon Footprinting and Pricing under Climate Concerns." Journal of Marketing 86, no. 2 (March 2022): 186–201.
  • March 2024
  • Article

Establishing the Foundation for Carbon Trading Markets

By: Robert S. Kaplan, Karthik Ramanna and Marc Roston
Poor measurement practices and inadequate controls have led to extensive trading of carbon offset instruments that do not materially reduce the supply of atmospheric GHG. We introduce five carbon offset accounting principles, built from fundamental financial-accounting... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Offsetting; Accounting; Carbon Accounting; E-liabilities; Measurement; Trading; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Sustainability
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Kaplan, Robert S., Karthik Ramanna, and Marc Roston. "Establishing the Foundation for Carbon Trading Markets." Accountability in a Sustainable World Quarterly 2, no. 2 (March 2024): 48–57.
  • March 2025
  • Case

Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits

By: Michael W. Toffel and Adam Chen
This case describes how rating agencies and other organizations are seeking to improve the quality of carbon credits sold in the voluntary carbon market to organizations seeking to use them to supplement their internal decarbonization efforts to meet their net zero... View Details
Keywords: Service Design; Certification; Auditing; Auditor Reputation; Carbon Credits; Carbon; Rating Agency Disagreement; Ratings; Climate Change; Business Model; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict of Interests; Reputation; Business Strategy
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Toffel, Michael W., and Adam Chen. "Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits." Harvard Business School Case 625-102, March 2025.
  • January 2023
  • Case

EKI Energy Services: One Billion Carbon Credits

By: George Serafeim
Within nine months from the time of its Initial Public Offering (IPO) in April of 2021, EKI Energy Services (EKI) shares had increased by more than 8,000%. Equally explosive was the growth of the company’s revenues and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Credits; Carbon Emissions; Growth; Business Analysis; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Valuation; Climate Change; Accounting; Valuation; Transition; Renewable Energy; Analysis; Product Positioning; India
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Serafeim, George. "EKI Energy Services: One Billion Carbon Credits." Harvard Business School Case 123-060, January 2023.
  • October 2013 (Revised November 2016)
  • Case

Carbon Engineering

By: Joseph B. Lassiter III and Sid Misra
Dr. David Keith, President of Carbon Engineering, a company based in Calgary, Alberta, is commercializing a technology to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The company plans to market the captured CO2 to produce low carbon transportation fuels in... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Government Legislation; Technological Innovation; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Risk and Uncertainty; Research and Development; Transportation; Information Infrastructure; Energy; Forecasting and Prediction; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Transportation Industry; Utilities Industry; Technology Industry; Canada; United States; China; India
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Lassiter, Joseph B., III, and Sid Misra. "Carbon Engineering." Harvard Business School Case 814-040, October 2013. (Revised November 2016.)
  • 2023
  • Article

A Review of Commercialisation Mechanisms for Carbon Dioxide Removal

By: Conor Hickey, Sam Fankhauser, Stephen Smith and Myles Allen
The deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) needs to be scaled up to achieve net zero emission pledges. In this paper we survey the policy mechanisms currently in place globally to incentivise CDR, together with an estimate of what different mechanisms are paying... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Removal; Climate Change; Markets; Cost; Policy; Environmental Regulation
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Hickey, Conor, Sam Fankhauser, Stephen Smith, and Myles Allen. "A Review of Commercialisation Mechanisms for Carbon Dioxide Removal." Frontiers in Climate 4, no. 258 (2023).
  • June 2022
  • Case

Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU

By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
In the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (the EU) had led the global fight against climate change with a wide array of policy measures. The EU’s primary approach to climate policy had been taxation via the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU... View Details
Keywords: Regulation; Carbon Emissions; Trade; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Climate Change; Analysis; Strategy; Taxation; Policy; Environmental Regulation; Industry Structures; European Union
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Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU." Harvard Business School Case 122-106, June 2022.
  • September 2008 (Revised October 2009)
  • Background Note

The Carbon Market

By: Andre F. Perold, Forest L. Reinhardt and Mikell Hyman
The carbon market has emerged in response to concerns about global climate change. This note characterizes the market in 2008, describing each segment and how it operates. View Details
Keywords: Non-Renewable Energy; Market Transactions; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change
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Perold, Andre F., Forest L. Reinhardt, and Mikell Hyman. "The Carbon Market." Harvard Business School Background Note 209-064, September 2008. (Revised October 2009.)
  • October 2023 (Revised March 2024)
  • Case

KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing

By: George Serafeim, Siko Sikochi and Namrata Arora
The problem was massive: two million hectares of African forests were lost annually to charcoal production for cooking, an area equivalent to 13 times Greater London, resulting in one billion tons of carbon emissions yearly. At the same time, an estimated 700,000... View Details
Keywords: Clean Tech; Digital; Carbon Credits; Carbon Offsetting; Africa; Emerging Markets; Energy; Climate Change; Entrepreneurship; Energy Sources; Environmental Sustainability; Health; Market Design; Business Startups; Transition; Environmental Regulation; Policy; Energy Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Africa; Kenya; Rwanda
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Serafeim, George, Siko Sikochi, and Namrata Arora. "KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing." Harvard Business School Case 124-022, October 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
  • 2022
  • Working Paper

Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Scope 3 Carbon Emissions

By: George Serafeim and Gladys Vélez Caicedo
For most organizations, the vast amount of carbon emissions occur in their supply chain and in the post-sale processing, usage, and end of life treatment of a product, collectively labelled scope 3 emissions. In this paper, we train machine learning algorithms on 15... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Climate Change; Environment; Carbon Accounting; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Digital; Data Science; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting
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Serafeim, George, and Gladys Vélez Caicedo. "Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Scope 3 Carbon Emissions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-080, June 2022.
  • Article

We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There.

By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
Any effective system of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting needs to measure each company’s supply-chain carbon impacts accurately. Such information would provide visibility and incentives for the company to make more climate-friendly product-specification and purchasing... View Details
Keywords: Accounting; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; GHG; Carbon Accounting; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply Chain
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Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 12, 2022).
  • 2013
  • Chapter

Assessing Potential Carbon Revenues from Reduced Forest Cover Loss in Liberia

By: Jessica Donovan, Keith Lawrence, Christopher Neyor, Eduard Niesten and Eric Werker
We conducted an analysis that explores the merits of a low-carbon development strategy for Liberia. This chapter describes both our cost-benefit analysis initiative and a plausible policy process for Liberia. We proposed a simple approach that models the costs and... View Details
Keywords: Carbon Revenue; Liberia; Deforestation; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Liberia
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Donovan, Jessica, Keith Lawrence, Christopher Neyor, Eduard Niesten, and Eric Werker. "Assessing Potential Carbon Revenues from Reduced Forest Cover Loss in Liberia." Chap. 19 in The Globalization of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Policy, edited by Michael A. Livermore and Richard L. Revesz, 293–304. Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • 12 Apr 2022
  • News

We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here’s How to Get There.

Keywords: Carbon
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