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  • All HBS Web  (1,954)
    • People  (6)
    • News  (386)
    • Research  (1,315)
    • Events  (6)
    • Multimedia  (3)
  • Faculty Publications  (504)
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  • April 2002 (Revised April 2003)
  • Case

Malaysia: Capital and Control

By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Laura Alfaro
On September 1, 1998, the government of Malaysia imposed currency and capital controls in response to the financial crisis that had swept Asia. The controls sparked an enormous controversy in the world of international finance. Some celebrated the controls for... View Details
Keywords: Capital Controls; Business and Government Relations; International Finance; Policy; Crisis Management; Balance and Stability; Globalized Economies and Regions; Malaysia
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Abdelal, Rawi E., and Laura Alfaro. "Malaysia: Capital and Control." Harvard Business School Case 702-040, April 2002. (Revised April 2003.)
  • May–June 2025
  • Article

Balancing Digital Safety and Innovation

By: Tomomichi Amano and Tomomi Tanaka
Designers of consumer-facing digital products have tended to focus on novelty and speed (“move fast and break things”). They’ve spent more effort on innovating than on anticipating how customers—and bad actors—might engage with products. But as digital products become... View Details
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Cybersecurity; Demand and Consumers; Safety
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Amano, Tomomichi, and Tomomi Tanaka. "Balancing Digital Safety and Innovation." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 3 (May–June 2025): 120–127.

    Balancing Digital Safety and Innovation

    Designers of consumer-facing digital products have tended to focus on novelty and speed (“move fast and break things”). They’ve spent more effort on innovating than on anticipating how customers—and bad actors—might engage with products. But as digital products become... View Details
    • 22 Mar 2006
    • Lecture

    Political Control and Operational Command: Building a Balanced Disaster Control System

    By: Dutch Leonard and Arnold M. Howitt
    Keywords: Government and Politics; Operations
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    Leonard, Dutch, and Arnold M. Howitt. "Political Control and Operational Command: Building a Balanced Disaster Control System." Lecture at the U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, United States Senate, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, March 22, 2006.
    • Article

    The Art of Balancing Autonomy and Control: What Managers Can Learn from Hackathon Organizers about Spurring Innovation.

    By: Hila Lifshitz - Assaf, Sarah Lebovitz and Lior Zalmanson
    Today, managers recognize that innovation requires a high level of work autonomy for their employees. This encourages curiosity, enables independent thinking, and provides an environment in which employees can experiment and test new problem-solving approaches with... View Details
    Keywords: Innovation; Hackathon; Autonomy; Control; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management
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    Lifshitz - Assaf, Hila, Sarah Lebovitz, and Lior Zalmanson. "The Art of Balancing Autonomy and Control: What Managers Can Learn from Hackathon Organizers about Spurring Innovation." MIT Sloan Management Review 60, no. 2 (Winter 2019): 1–6.
    • December 2016 (Revised May 2018)
    • Module Note

    Strategy Execution Module 15: Using the Levers of Control to Implement Strategy

    By: Robert Simons
    This module reading pulls together key concepts and techniques from the Strategy Execution series into an integrated model—the levers of control. The four levers are: (1) belief systems, (2) boundary systems, (3) diagnostic control systems, and (4) interactive control... View Details
    Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Levers Of Control; Balancing Innovation And Control; Managing Growing Businesses; Turn Around Management; Human Behavior; Organizational Life Cycle; Strategy; Management Systems; Performance; Measurement and Metrics; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Behavior
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    Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 15: Using the Levers of Control to Implement Strategy." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-115, December 2016. (Revised May 2018.)
    • 2016
    • Working Paper

    Controlling Versus Enabling

    By: Andrei Hagiu and Julian Wright
    Revenue sharing between principals and agents is commonly used to balance double-sided moral hazard. We provide a theory of how, when such revenue-sharing is optimal, a principal allocates control rights over decisions that either party could make. We show that the... View Details
    Keywords: Control Rights; Decision Authority; Employment; Independent Contractors; Organizational Theory; Digital Platforms; Governance Controls; Ethics; Vertical Integration
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    Hagiu, Andrei, and Julian Wright. "Controlling Versus Enabling." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-002, July 2015. (Revised July 2016.)
    • 01 Mar 2012
    • News

    Get Creative

    Issue Focus: Innovation In a hypercompetitive global economy, creativity has never been more important for success . But how do you create a company that unleashes and capitalizes on innovation? For answers, we turned to five HBS faculty experts in culture, customers,... View Details
    Keywords: Garry Emmons;Julia Hanna;Roger Thompson; Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools; Educational Services; Management of Companies and Enterprises; Management; Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services; Professional Services
    • May 2017 (Revised June 2017)
    • Case

    ATH Technologies (A): Making the Numbers

    By: Robert Simons and Jennifer Packard
    An exercise that takes students through five stages of growth in an entrepreneurial start-up in the medical devices industry: 1) founding, 2) growth, 3) push to profitability, 4) refocusing process, and 5) takeover by new management. At each stage, students must... View Details
    Keywords: Strategy And Execution; Management Control Systems; Balancing Innovation And Control; Performance Management; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Profit; Geographic Location; Governance Controls; Innovation and Invention; Management Succession; Performance Evaluation; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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    Simons, Robert, and Jennifer Packard. "ATH Technologies (A): Making the Numbers." Harvard Business School Case 117-013, May 2017. (Revised June 2017.)
    • 23 Dec 2002
    • Research & Ideas

    Partnering and the Balanced Scorecard

    growth The strategy map and accompanying scorecard provide a powerful communication vehicle about the organization's vision and strategy. Rather than use measurement to control... View Details
    Keywords: by Robert S. Kaplan & David P. Norton
    • 2013
    • Dictionary Entry

    Technology and Innovation Management

    By: Elizabeth J. Altman, Frank Nagle and Michael L. Tushman
    The goal of this annotated bibliography on technology and innovation is to organize and present the most important literature relevant to a scholar seeking to understand and advance the field. It includes articles that are highly-cited and foundational pieces, as well... View Details
    Keywords: Technology; Technological Change; Innovation Streams; Organizational Evolution; Executive Leadership; Organizational Architecture; Information Technology; Technological Innovation; Innovation and Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership; Organizational Design
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    Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael L. Tushman. "Technology and Innovation Management." In Oxford Bibliographies: Management, edited by Ricky W. Griffin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Electronic.
    • May 2017
    • Case

    ATH Technologies: Making the Numbers

    By: Robert Simons and Jennifer Packard
    An exercise that takes students through five stages of growth in an entrepreneurial start-up in the medical devices industry: 1) founding, 2) growth, 3) push to profitability, 4) relocation process, and 5) takeover by new management. At each stage, students must... View Details
    Keywords: Balancing Innovation And Control; Performance Evaluation; Strategy And Execution; Management Control Systems; Risk Management; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Profit; Geographic Location; Governance Controls; Innovation and Invention; Management Succession; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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    Simons, Robert, and Jennifer Packard. "ATH Technologies: Making the Numbers." Harvard Business School Case 117-012, May 2017.
    • May 2017
    • Supplement

    ATH Technologies (E)

    By: Robert Simons and Jennifer Packard
    Supplements the (A) case. Designed as an in-class handout. View Details
    Keywords: Strategy And Execution; Management Control Systems; Balancing Innovation And Control; Health Industry
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    Simons, Robert, and Jennifer Packard. "ATH Technologies (E)." Harvard Business School Supplement 117-017, May 2017.
    • 2007
    • Book

    Management Control Systems

    By: Robert N. Anthony and Vijay Govindarajan
    Management Control Systems, now in its 13th edition, builds on strengths from prior editions by offering a rich diversity of cases balanced with current material. The primary market for Management Control Systems is an MBA level elective in control systems. The... View Details
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    Anthony, Robert N., and Vijay Govindarajan. Management Control Systems. 12th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007.
    • 11 Aug 2008
    • Research & Ideas

    Strategy Execution and the Balanced Scorecard

    leadership is now both necessary and sufficient for successful strategy implementation. Q: You have written four other books touching on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). How has your thinking View Details
    Keywords: by Martha Lagace
    • September 2016 (Revised March 2017)
    • Module Note

    Strategy Execution Module 3: Using Information for Performance Measurement and Control

    By: Robert Simons
    This module reading explains how managers use information to control critical business processes and outcomes. The analysis begins by illustrating how managers use information to communicate goals and track performance. Then the focus turns to the choices that managers... View Details
    Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Strategy Execution; Organization Process; Feedback Model; Innovation; Uses Of Information; Big Data; Benchmarking; Decision Making; Information; Performance Evaluation; Analytics and Data Science
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    Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 3: Using Information for Performance Measurement and Control." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-103, September 2016. (Revised March 2017.)
    • June 2014 (Revised February 2017)
    • Teaching Note

    Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance

    By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
    This is the teaching note for Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance (HBS No. 114-001) View Details
    Keywords: Execution; Management Control Systems; Risk; Balancing Innovation And Control; Strategy; Risk Management; Education Industry
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    Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 114-062, June 2014. (Revised February 2017.)
    • November 2016 (Revised March 2018)
    • Module Note

    Strategy Execution Module 9: Building a Balanced Scorecard

    By: Robert Simons
    This module reading explains how to construct a strategy map and build a balanced scorecard. Using an internal value chain model, the module illustrates how a balanced scorecard can support and enable customer management, innovation, operations, and post-sale service... View Details
    Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Performance Measurement; Strategy Map; Business Goals; Customer Measures; Strategy; Balanced Scorecard; Business Model
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    Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 9: Building a Balanced Scorecard." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-109, November 2016. (Revised March 2018.)
    • April 2020
    • Article

    A Theory of Experimenters: Robustness, Randomization, and Balance

    By: Abhijit Banerjee, Sylvain Chassang, Sergio Montero and Erik Snowberg
    This paper studies the problem of experiment design by an ambiguity-averse decisionmaker who trades off subjective expected performance against robust performance guarantees. This framework accounts for real-world experimenters’ preference for randomization. It also... View Details
    Keywords: Experiment Design; Experimenters; Theory; Performance
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    Banerjee, Abhijit, Sylvain Chassang, Sergio Montero, and Erik Snowberg. "A Theory of Experimenters: Robustness, Randomization, and Balance." American Economic Review 110, no. 4 (April 2020): 1206–1230.
    • Research Summary

    Control in Inter-organizational Settings

    By: V.G. Narayanan
    Professor Narayanan is studying how franchise owners use measurement tools such as the Balanced Scorecard and mystery shopper survyes to mitigate incentive and information frictions that arise between franchisors and franchisees. He is also studying control issues that... View Details
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