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- All HBS Web
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- Research (1,171)
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- Research Summary
Optimal Heteroskedasticity Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Estimators for GMM Weighting Matrices
This paper considers the optimal bias-variance tradeoff for estimators of the long run covariance matrix used to generate GMM weighting matrices in time series contexts. Minimum MSE HAC estimators do not yield minimum MSE GMM estimators. Instead, achieving... View Details
- September 2009
- Article
Deterring Online Advertising Fraud Through Optimal Payment in Arrears
By: Benjamin Edelman
Online advertisers face substantial difficulty in selecting and supervising small advertising partners. Fraud can be well hidden, and limited reputation systems reduce accountability. But partners are not paid until after their work is complete, and advertisers can... View Details
Keywords: Cost Management; Misleading and Fraudulent Advertising; Profit; Online Advertising; Advertising Industry
Edelman, Benjamin. "Deterring Online Advertising Fraud Through Optimal Payment in Arrears." Financial Cryptography and Data Security: Proceedings of the International Conference (September 2009). (Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science.) (Featured in Working Knowledge: Reducing Risk with Online Advertising.)
- March 31, 2023
- Article
What Is the Optimal Pattern of a Customer Journey?
Even though customer experience (CX) leaders are becoming increasingly focused on optimizing their firms’ customer journeys, they face a clear challenge: Which touchpoints along the journey should they invest in? That is, which moments when the customer interacts with... View Details
De Freitas, Julian. "What Is the Optimal Pattern of a Customer Journey?" Harvard Business Review (website) (March 31, 2023).
- July 2019
- Article
Optimal Capital Structure and Bankruptcy Choice: Dynamic Bargaining vs Liquidation
By: Samuel Antill and Steven R. Grenadier
We model a firm’s optimal capital structure decision in a framework in which it may later choose to enter either Chapter 11 reorganization or Chapter 7 liquidation. Creditors anticipate equityholders’ ex-post reorganization incentives and price them into the ex-ante... View Details
Keywords: Default; Dynamic Bargaining; Capital Structure; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Mathematical Methods
Antill, Samuel, and Steven R. Grenadier. "Optimal Capital Structure and Bankruptcy Choice: Dynamic Bargaining vs Liquidation." Journal of Financial Economics 133, no. 1 (July 2019): 198–224.
- July 2022
- Supplement
Solution for E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (B): Optimizing Assortment for a New Retailer
By: Ayelet Israeli
Keywords: Data; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; Data Sharing; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Delivery Planning; Customer Lifetime Value; Online Channel; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retailing Industry; Ecommerce; Grocery; Optimization; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain; Marketing Channels; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
- January 2021
- Exercise
E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (B): Optimizing Assortment for a New Retailer
By: Ayelet Israeli and Fedor (Ted) Lisitsyn
The E-Commerce Analytics group at the traditional CPG firm was in charge of compiling various online sales reports, as well as making data-driven recommendations for sales and marketing tactics. In a series of exercises, students address different data challenges for... View Details
Keywords: Data Analysis; Data Analytics; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Online Channel; Retail Analytics; Retail; Retailing Industry; Data; Data Sharing; Ecommerce; CRM; Loyalty Management; Assortment Planning; Assortment Optimization; Lifetime Value (LTV); Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Retention; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
Israeli, Ayelet, and Fedor (Ted) Lisitsyn. "E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (B): Optimizing Assortment for a New Retailer." Harvard Business School Exercise 521-079, January 2021.
- spring 1974
- Article
The Optimality of a Competitive Stock Market
By: Robert C. Merton and Marti G. Subrahmanyam
Merton, Robert C., and Marti G. Subrahmanyam. "The Optimality of a Competitive Stock Market." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5, no. 1 (spring 1974): 145–170.
- November 1993
- Article
Stable Matchings, Optimal Assignments, and Linear Programming
By: A. E. Roth, U. G. Rothblum and J. H. Vande Vate
Keywords: Mathematical Methods
Roth, A. E., U. G. Rothblum, and J. H. Vande Vate. "Stable Matchings, Optimal Assignments, and Linear Programming." Mathematics of Operations Research 18, no. 4 (November 1993): 803–828.
- April 2009
- Case
Supply Chain Optimization at Hugo Boss (A)
By: Ananth Raman, Nicole DeHoratius and Zahra Kanji
We evaluate the impact of a supply chain pilot implemented at Hugo Boss. This pilot entailed altering the way in which Hugo Boss orders from its suppliers. We explore the challenge of assessing the impact of supply chain change, the link between operational performance... View Details
Keywords: Order Taking and Fulfillment; Logistics; Supply Chain Management; Performance Evaluation; Sales; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Retail Industry; Europe
Raman, Ananth, Nicole DeHoratius, and Zahra Kanji. "Supply Chain Optimization at Hugo Boss (A)." Harvard Business School Case 609-029, April 2009.
- 1978
- Article
On Stochastic Games with Stationary Optimal Strategies
By: Truman F. Bewley and Elon Kohlberg
Bewley, Truman F., and Elon Kohlberg. "On Stochastic Games with Stationary Optimal Strategies." Mathematics of Operations Research, no. 3 (1978): 104–125.
- 14 Jan 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
Optimal Auction Design and Equilibrium Selection in Sponsored Search Auctions
Keywords: by Benjamin G. Edelman & Michael Schwarz
- Article
Moment-to-moment Optimal Branding in TV Commercials: Preventing Avoidance by Pulsing
By: Thales S. Teixeira, Michel Wedel and Rik Pieters
We develop a conceptual framework for understanding the impact that branding activity (the audio-visual representation of brands) and consumers' dispersion of attention have on their moment-to-moment avoidance decisions during television advertising. It formalizes this... View Details
Keywords: Advertising; Decision Choices and Conditions; Television Entertainment; Brands and Branding; Consumer Behavior; Mathematical Methods
Teixeira, Thales S., Michel Wedel, and Rik Pieters. "Moment-to-moment Optimal Branding in TV Commercials: Preventing Avoidance by Pulsing." Marketing Science 29, no. 5 (September–October 2010): 783–804. (Lead Article.)
- 2008
- Working Paper
Deterring Online Advertising Fraud Through Optimal Payment in Arrears
By: Benjamin Edelman
Online advertisers face substantial difficulty in selecting and supervising small advertising partners. Fraud can be well-hidden, and limited reputation systems reduce accountability. But partners are not paid until after their work is complete, and advertisers can... View Details
Keywords: Misleading and Fraudulent Advertising; Online Advertising; Profit; Corporate Accountability; Partners and Partnerships; Mathematical Methods
Edelman, Benjamin. "Deterring Online Advertising Fraud Through Optimal Payment in Arrears." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-072, February 2008. (Revised August 2008, October 2008, February 2009.)
- May 2000
- Article
Optimal Exercise Prices for Executive Stock Options
By: Brian Hall
Hall, Brian. "Optimal Exercise Prices for Executive Stock Options." American Economic Review 90, no. 2 (May 2000).
- 2024
- Working Paper
Advancing Personalization: How to Experiment, Learn & Optimize
By: Aurelie Lemmens, Jason M.T. Roos, Sebastian Gabel, Eva Ascarza, Hernan Bruno, Elea McDonnell Feit, Brett Gordon, Ayelet Israeli, Carl F. Mela and Oded Netzer
Personalization has become the heartbeat of modern marketing. Advances in causal inference and machine learning enable companies to understand how the same marketing action can impact the choices of individual customers differently. This article provides an academic... View Details
Keywords: Personalization; Targeting; Experiments; Observational Studies; Policy Implementation; Policy Evaluation; Customization and Personalization; Marketing Strategy; AI and Machine Learning
Lemmens, Aurelie, Jason M.T. Roos, Sebastian Gabel, Eva Ascarza, Hernan Bruno, Elea McDonnell Feit, Brett Gordon, Ayelet Israeli, Carl F. Mela, and Oded Netzer. "Advancing Personalization: How to Experiment, Learn & Optimize." Working Paper, July 2024. (Revised March 2025.)
- spring 1995
- Article
Optimal Incentive Schemes in Bottleneck Constrained Production Environments
By: S. Datar and M. Rajan
Datar, S., and M. Rajan. "Optimal Incentive Schemes in Bottleneck Constrained Production Environments." Journal of Accounting Research 33, no. 1 (spring 1995).
- May 2009 (Revised December 2009)
- Teaching Note
Reliance Baking Soda: Optimizing Promotional Spending (Brief Case)
By: John A. Quelch and Heather Beckham
Teaching Note to Briefcase 4128 View Details
- September 2022
- Background Note
On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics
By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
Startups are often evaluated by how well they perform on unit economics, defined as the ratio of a customer’s lifetime value (LTV) to acquisition costs (CAC). A common target for unit economics, advocated by many VCs and analysts, is 3:1 (i.e., LTV/CAC=3). While there... View Details
Keywords: Unit Economics; Business Startups; Performance Evaluation; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Relationship Management; Analysis
Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-050, September 2022.
- Winter 2016
- Article
Analytics for an Online Retailer: Demand Forecasting and Price Optimization
By: Kris J. Ferreira, Bin Hong Alex Lee and David Simchi-Levi
We present our work with an online retailer, Rue La La, as an example of how a retailer can use its wealth of data to optimize pricing decisions on a daily basis. Rue La La is in the online fashion sample sales industry, where they offer extremely limited-time... View Details
Ferreira, Kris J., Bin Hong Alex Lee, and David Simchi-Levi. "Analytics for an Online Retailer: Demand Forecasting and Price Optimization." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 18, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 69–88.