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- All HBS Web
(1,966)
- People (2)
- News (288)
- Research (1,166)
- Events (33)
- Multimedia (12)
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- 2008
- Chapter
Allocating Marketing Resources
By: Sunil Gupta and Thomas J. Steenburgh
Companies spend billions of dollars on marketing every year because it is essential to organic growth. Given these large investments, marketing managers have the responsibility to optimally allocate resources and to demonstrate that their investments generate... View Details
Keywords: Investment Return; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Demand and Consumers; Mathematical Methods
Gupta, Sunil, and Thomas J. Steenburgh. "Allocating Marketing Resources." In Marketing Mix Decisions: New Perspectives and Practices, edited by Roger A. Kerin and Rob O'Regan. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 2008.
- 2011
- Working Paper
When Smaller Menus Are Better: Variability in Menu-Setting Ability
Are large menus better than small menus? Recent literature argues that individuals' apparent preference for smaller menus can be explained by choosers' behavioral biases or informational limitations. These explanations imply that absent behavioral or informational... View Details
Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Decision Choices and Conditions; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Size; Quality
Goldreich, David, and Hanna Halaburda. "When Smaller Menus Are Better: Variability in Menu-Setting Ability." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-086, February 2011. (Revised April 2011, August 2011, December 2011.)
- 2025
- Working Paper
How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions
By: Christian Kaps and Arielle Anderer
Learning curves, the fact that technologies improve as a function of cumulative experience or investment, are desirable-think inexpensive solar panels or higher performing semiconductors. But, for firms that need to pick one technology among several candidates, such as... View Details
Keywords: Learning Curve; Technology; Innovation; Batteries; Energy Storage; Sequential Decision Making; TELCO; Exploration; Exploitation; Problems and Challenges; Cost vs Benefits; Technology Adoption; Battery Industry
Kaps, Christian, and Arielle Anderer. "How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions." Working Paper, March 2025.
- April 2025
- Case
Breezm: Innovative 3D-Printed Eyewear (A)
By: Juan Alcácer, Brian Mao Fu and Adina Wong
In 2023, Breezm, a South Korean startup, faced a strategic decision about how to grow its innovative 3D-printed, custom-fit eyewear business. Co-founded in 2017 by Zenma Park and Wooseok Sung, Breezm combined facial scanning, AI, and in-house production to solve the... View Details
Alcácer, Juan, Brian Mao Fu, and Adina Wong. "Breezm: Innovative 3D-Printed Eyewear (A)." Harvard Business School Case 725-376, April 2025.
- 2020
- Working Paper
Do Lenders Still Discriminate? A Robust Approach for Assessing Differences in Menus
By: David Hao Zhang and Paul Willen
We use a new methodology to assess mortgage pricing discrimination by race. We make four main contributions. First, we show that existing estimates of mortgage pricing differences by race can be confounded by a "menu problem," which is the problem associated with... View Details
Keywords: Mortgages; Financing and Loans; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Measurement and Metrics; Banking Industry; United States
Zhang, David Hao, and Paul Willen. "Do Lenders Still Discriminate? A Robust Approach for Assessing Differences in Menus." Working Paper, September 2020.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Trade Policy in the Shadow of Conflict: The Case of Dual-use Goods
By: Maxim Alekseev and Xinyue Lin
Policymakers increasingly use trade instruments to address national security concerns. This paper studies optimal policy for dual-use goods, items with both military and civilian applications. We begin by documenting that regulation and trade flows of dual-use goods... View Details
- April 1987 (Revised April 1992)
- Background Note
Games of Strategy: An Introduction
An introduction to the formal analysis of strategic situations. Ideas of game trees, backwards induction, and dominated strategies are introduced. The methods of backwards induction to find optimal strategies is related to the method of successive eliminations of... View Details
Krishna, Vijay. "Games of Strategy: An Introduction." Harvard Business School Background Note 187-159, April 1987. (Revised April 1992.)
- March 2017 (Revised March 2022)
- Case
Flashion: Art vs. Science in Fashion Retailing
By: Kris Ferreira and Karim R. Lakhani
Kate Wilson, retail analytics manager at Flashion, a fashion flash-sale site, is tasked with developing analytics to optimize pricing for first-exposure products on the site. Many in the industry have relied on years of experience and intuition to determine pricing—can... View Details
Keywords: Analytics; Pricing; Data; Service Operations; Forecasting and Prediction; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Mathematical Methods; Decision Making; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Fashion Industry; United States
Ferreira, Kris, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Flashion: Art vs. Science in Fashion Retailing." Harvard Business School Case 617-059, March 2017. (Revised March 2022.)
- July 2010
- Case
Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug
By: John A. Quelch and Heather Beckham
Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) expects final approval for its revolutionary weight loss drug, Metabical. Metabical will be the only weight loss drug with FDA approval that is also clinically proven to be effective for moderately overweight people. Barbara... View Details
Keywords: Product Positioning; Marketing Communications; Product Launch; Consumer Behavior; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States
Quelch, John A., and Heather Beckham. "Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug." Harvard Business School Brief Case 104-240, July 2010.
- 2020
- Chapter
Reserve Accumulation, Sovereign Debt, and Exchange Rate Policy
By: Laura Alfaro and Fabio Kanczuk
In the past decade, foreign participation in local-currency bond markets in emerging countries increased dramatically. Additionally, emerging countries are increasingly deviating from inflation targeting regimes, managing their exchange rate and engaging in... View Details
Alfaro, Laura, and Fabio Kanczuk. "Reserve Accumulation, Sovereign Debt, and Exchange Rate Policy." In Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities: New Practices in Managing International Foreign Exchange Reserves, edited by Jacob Bjorheim. Springer, 2020. (Book link.)
- February 2009 (Revised June 2019)
- Case
Cleveland Clinic: Transformation and Growth 2015
By: Michael E. Porter and Elizabeth O. Teisberg
The Cleveland Clinic's health care services are internationally renowned for quality. In 2008, The Clinic began to restructure the organization into teams defined around patient needs, rather than traditional medical specialties. "Patients First!" takes shape as the... View Details
Keywords: Health; Health Care Operations; Health Care Quality; Health Care; Strategy And Leadership; Strategy Development; Health Care and Treatment; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Measurement and Metrics; Service Delivery; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Outcome or Result; Health Industry; Cleveland
Porter, Michael E., and Elizabeth O. Teisberg. "Cleveland Clinic: Transformation and Growth 2015." Harvard Business School Case 709-473, February 2009. (Revised June 2019.)
- 13 Jul 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
De Gustibus non est Taxandum: Theory and Evidence on Preference Heterogeneity and Redistribution
Keywords: by Benjamin Lockwood & Matthew Weinzierl
- November 2007
- Background Note
Bayesian Estimation & Black-Litterman
By: Joshua D. Coval and Erik Stafford
Describes a practical method for asset allocation that is more robust to estimation errors than the traditional implementation of mean-variance optimization with sample means and covariances. The Bayesian inspired Black-Litterman model is described after introducing... View Details
Coval, Joshua D., and Erik Stafford. "Bayesian Estimation & Black-Litterman." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-085, November 2007.
- November 2007
- Background Note
Asset Allocation I
By: Joshua D. Coval, Erik Stafford, Rodrigo Osmo, John Jernigan, Zack Page and Paulo Passoni
The goal of these simulations is to understand the mathematics of mean-variance optimization and the equilibrium pricing of risk if all investors use this rule with common information sets. Simulation A focuses on five to 10 years of monthly sector returns that are... View Details
- 16 Feb 2016
- Working Paper Summaries
Diversity and Team Performance in a Kenyan Organization
- April 2017 (Revised February 2020)
- Supplement
edaixi (eWash): Digital Transformation of Laundry Services (B)
By: Feng Zhu, Weiru Chen, Chuang Chen and Ciwu Lin
Founded in 2013 as a laundry service featuring online ordering for home pickup and delivery, China’s edaixi (eWash) illustrated the online-to-offline (O2O) business model. As yet unclear in 2016 was the optimal way to organize third-party laundry service providers,... View Details
Keywords: Laundry; O2O; Online-to-offline; Service Operations; Business Model; Digital Platforms; Transformation; Service Industry; China
Zhu, Feng, Weiru Chen, Chuang Chen, and Ciwu Lin. "edaixi (eWash): Digital Transformation of Laundry Services (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 617-038, April 2017. (Revised February 2020.)
- April 2017 (Revised February 2020)
- Case
edaixi (eWash): Digital Transformation of Laundry Services (A)
By: Feng Zhu, Weiru Chen, Chuang Chen and Ciwu Lin
Founded in 2013 as a laundry service featuring online ordering for home pickup and delivery, China’s edaixi (eWash) illustrated the online-to-offline (O2O) business model. As yet unclear in 2016 was the optimal way to organize third-party laundry service providers,... View Details
Keywords: Laundry; O2O; Online-to-offline; Business Model; Service Operations; Ownership Type; Digital Platforms; Transformation; China
Zhu, Feng, Weiru Chen, Chuang Chen, and Ciwu Lin. "edaixi (eWash): Digital Transformation of Laundry Services (A)." Harvard Business School Case 617-034, April 2017. (Revised February 2020.)
- August 2016
- Simulation
BDP Pharmaceuticals
By: Kevin Schulman, Emma Rasiel and Suresh Balu
Susan Durham has just been hired as the Chief Financial Officer of Blue Devil Pharmaceuticals (BDP). Her charge is to understand the optimal pathway for the development of a novel molecule, BDP-1, to understand the cost of drug development, the market opportunity, and... View Details
- July 2016
- Case
Blue D Pharmaceuticals
By: Kevin Schulman, Emma Rasiel and Suresh Balu
Susan Durham has just been hired as the Chief Financial Officer of Blue Devil Pharmaceuticals (BDP). Her charge is to understand the optimal pathway for the development of a novel molecule, BDP-1, to understand the cost of drug development, the market opportunity, and... View Details
- November 1976
- Article
Partial Equilibrium Approach to the Free-Rider Problem
By: Jerry R. Green, Elon Kohlberg and Jean-Jacques Laffont
Groves and others have shown that truthful answers concerning preferences for public goods can be elicited as dominant strategies if appropriate tax-subsidies rules are applied. This paper studies the statistical properties of the total revenues generated by one of the... View Details
Keywords: Problems and Challenges
Green, Jerry R., Elon Kohlberg, and Jean-Jacques Laffont. "Partial Equilibrium Approach to the Free-Rider Problem." Journal of Public Economics 6, no. 4 (November 1976): 375–394.